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Altizer, S., and A.K. Davis. 2010. Populations of Monarch butterflies with different migratory behaviors show divergence in wing morphology. Evolution 64:1018–1028. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00946.x (accessed June 11, 2013). Altizer, S.M., and J. de Roode. 2010. When butterflies get bugs: the ABCs of lepidopteran disease. American Butterflies 18:16–27. Available from http://inst- 149.mycorphosting.com/pubs/ab182/ab182diseases_of_monarchs_and_other_butterflies.pdf (accessed August 29, 2013). Altizer, S.M., K. Oberhauser, and L.P. Brower. 2000. Associations between host migration and the prevalence of a protozoan parasite in natural populations of adult monarch butterflies. Ecological Entomology 25:125–139. Altizer, S. M., K.S. Oberhauser, and K.A. Geurts. 2004. Transmission of the Protozoan parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha in Monarch Butterfly Populations: Implications for Prevalence and Population-Level Impacts. Pages 203 – 218 in K.S. Oberhauser and M.J. Solensky, editors. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Anderson, J.B., and L.P. Brower. 1993. Cold-hardiness in the annual cycle of the monarch butterfly. Pages 157 – 164 in S.B. Malcolm and M.P. Zalucki, editors. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA. Anderson, J.B., and L.P. Brower. 1996. Freeze-protection of overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico: critical role of the forest as a blanket and an umbrella. Ecological Entomology 21:107–116. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365- 2311.1996.tb01177.x/abstract (accessed March 24, 2014). Arellano, A., J. I. Glendinning, J.B. Anderson, and L.P. Brower. 1993. Interspecific Comparisons of the Foraging Dynamics of Black-backed Orioles and Black-headed Grosbeaks on Overwintering Monarch Butterflies in Mexico. Pages 315 – 322 in S.B. Malcolm and M.P. Zalucki, editors. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA. Association of American Pesticide Control Officials (AAPCO). 1999. 1999 Pesticide Drift Enforcement Survey. Available from http://www.aapco.org/documents/surveys/drift99.html (accessed August 20, 2014). Association of American Pesticide Control Officials (AAPCO). 2005. 2005 Pesticide Drift Enforcement Survey. Available from http://www.aapco.org/documents/surveys/DriftEnforce05Rpt.html (accessed August 20, 2014). Baldwin, F.L. 2010. Herbicide drift damaging rice. Delta Farm Press, June 7, 2010. Available from http://deltafarmpress.com/rice/herbicide-drift-damaging-rice-0607/ (accessed August 20, 2014). Monarch ESA Petition 114
Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drift damage to wheat extensive. Delta Farm Press, 4/20/11. Available from http://deltafarmpress.com/wheat/glyphosate-drift-damage-wheat-extensive (accessed August 20, 2014). Bartel, R.A., K.S. Oberhauser, J.C. De Roode, and S. M. Altizer. 2011. Monarch butterfly migration and parasite transmission in eastern North America. Ecology 92:342–351. Available from http://www.esajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1890/10-0489.1 (accessed June 11, 2013). Barve, N., A. J. Bonilla, J. Brandes, J. C. Brown, N. Brunsell, F. V. Cochran, R. J. Crosthwait, J. Gentry, L. M. Gerhart, T. Jackson, A. J. Kern, K. S. Oberhauser, Hannah L. Owens, A. T. Peterson , A. S. Reed, J. Soberón, A. D. Sundberg and L. M. Williams. 2012. Climate-change and mass mortality events in overwintering monarch butterflies. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 83:817-824. Available from http://www.revistas.unam.mx/index.php/bio/article/view/26460 (accessed August 29, 2013). Batalden, R.V., K. Oberhauser, and A.T. Peterson. 2007. Ecological Niches in Sequential Generations of Eastern North American Monarch Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae): The Ecology of Migration and Likely Climate Change Implications. Environmental Entomology 36:1365–1373. Bayer CropScience. 2007. Core Tect Tree and Shrub Tablets Insecticide, Label. Bayer CropScience. 2010. Gaucho 600 Flowable Insecticide, Label. Behrens R. and W.E. Lueschen. 1979. Dicamba volatility. Weed Science 27: 486–493. Benbrook, C. 2009. Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on Pesticide Use: The First Thirteen Years. The Organic Center, November 2009. Available from http://www.organiccenter.org/reportfiles/GE13YearsReport.pdf (accessed August 20, 2014). Benbrook, C.M. 2012. Impacts of genetically engineered crops on pesticide use in the U.S. - the first sixteen years. Environmental Sciences Europe 24:24. Available from http://www.enveurope.com/content/24/1/24 (accessed August 20, 2014). Bennett, D. 2006. 2,4-D herbicide drift damage stuns east Arkansas cotton. Delta Farm Press, 8/11/06. Available from http://deltafarmpress.com/24-d-herbicide-drift-damage-stuns-eastarkansas-cotton (accessed August 20, 2014). Bennett, D. 2008. Damaging herbicide drift can travel far. Delta Farm Press, 7/24/08. Available from http://deltafarmpress.com/damaging-herbicide-drift-can-travel-far (accessed August 20, 2014) Bhowmik, P.C. 1994. Biology and control of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). Reviews in Weed Science 6:227 – 250. Monarch ESA Petition 115
Page 1 and 2:
BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
Page 3 and 4:
PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8:
Though monarchs are found in relati
Page 9 and 10:
threatened by logging, forest disea
Page 11 and 12:
overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
Page 13 and 14:
The monarch was very recently a hig
Page 15 and 16:
when timely action is not undertake
Page 17 and 18:
DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
Page 19 and 20:
Based on the short amount of time s
Page 21 and 22:
After mating a female must soon fin
Page 23 and 24:
legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
Page 25 and 26:
Monarch butterflies in western Nort
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
Page 29 and 30:
Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
Page 31 and 32:
managers than roost sites (Brower e
Page 33 and 34:
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
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land was invaded by common milkweed
Page 37 and 38:
Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
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almost a billion individuals were i
Page 43 and 44:
When butterflies were collected for
Page 45 and 46:
change, and stochastic weather even
Page 47 and 48:
Pesticide usage figures from USDA
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
Page 53 and 54:
In sum, the limited and early-seaso
Page 55 and 56:
The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
Page 57 and 58:
1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
Page 59 and 60:
In response, all of the major agric
Page 61 and 62:
iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
Page 63 and 64: to butterflies, especially with fre
Page 65 and 66: action of glyphosate and either 2,4
Page 67 and 68: Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
Page 69 and 70: portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
Page 71 and 72: and 21 additional hectares were imp
Page 73 and 74: for some natural areas (Internation
Page 75 and 76: international community and Mexican
Page 77 and 78: and California, monarchs are able t
Page 79 and 80: numbers of butterflies being in the
Page 81 and 82: Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
Page 83 and 84: Additionally, FWS will phase out th
Page 85 and 86: Private Lands The vast majority of
Page 87 and 88: Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
Page 89 and 90: As explained elsewhere in this peti
Page 91 and 92: Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
Page 93 and 94: Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
Page 95 and 96: Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
Page 97 and 98: 2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
Page 99 and 100: most commonly used adulticides are
Page 101 and 102: Global Climate Change The monarch b
Page 103 and 104: availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
Page 105 and 106: Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113: the species at the time it is liste
Page 117 and 118: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 119 and 120: http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 125 and 126: Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sik
Page 127 and 128: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 129 and 130: Johal, G.S. and J.E. Rahe. 1984. Ef
Page 131 and 132: Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. Mc
Page 133 and 134: Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly
Page 135 and 136: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 137 and 138: Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155 and 156: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 157 and 158: Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Dana
Page 159: Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facil
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