monarch-esa-petition-final_61585

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Page 1 and 2:
BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
Page 3 and 4:
PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8:
Though monarchs are found in relati
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threatened by logging, forest disea
Page 11 and 12:
overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
Page 13 and 14:
The monarch was very recently a hig
Page 15 and 16:
when timely action is not undertake
Page 17 and 18:
DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
Page 19 and 20:
Based on the short amount of time s
Page 21 and 22:
After mating a female must soon fin
Page 23 and 24:
legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
Page 25 and 26:
Monarch butterflies in western Nort
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
Page 29 and 30:
Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
Page 31 and 32:
managers than roost sites (Brower e
Page 33 and 34:
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
Page 35 and 36:
land was invaded by common milkweed
Page 37 and 38:
Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
Page 41 and 42:
almost a billion individuals were i
Page 43 and 44:
When butterflies were collected for
Page 45 and 46:
change, and stochastic weather even
Page 47 and 48:
Pesticide usage figures from USDA
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
Page 53 and 54:
In sum, the limited and early-seaso
Page 55 and 56:
The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
Page 57 and 58:
1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
Page 59 and 60:
In response, all of the major agric
Page 61 and 62:
iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
Page 63 and 64:
to butterflies, especially with fre
Page 65 and 66:
action of glyphosate and either 2,4
Page 67 and 68:
Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
Page 69 and 70:
portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
Page 71 and 72:
and 21 additional hectares were imp
Page 73 and 74: for some natural areas (Internation
Page 75 and 76: international community and Mexican
Page 77 and 78: and California, monarchs are able t
Page 79 and 80: numbers of butterflies being in the
Page 81 and 82: Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
Page 83 and 84: Additionally, FWS will phase out th
Page 85 and 86: Private Lands The vast majority of
Page 87 and 88: Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
Page 89 and 90: As explained elsewhere in this peti
Page 91 and 92: Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
Page 93 and 94: Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
Page 95 and 96: Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
Page 97 and 98: 2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
Page 99 and 100: most commonly used adulticides are
Page 101 and 102: Global Climate Change The monarch b
Page 103 and 104: availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
Page 105 and 106: Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113 and 114: the species at the time it is liste
Page 115 and 116: Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drif
Page 117 and 118: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 119 and 120: http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 127 and 128: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 129 and 130: Johal, G.S. and J.E. Rahe. 1984. Ef
Page 131 and 132: Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. Mc
Page 133 and 134: Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly
Page 135 and 136: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 137 and 138: Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155 and 156: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 157 and 158: Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Dana
Page 159: Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facil
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