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6188(2008)62%5B495:FROBLF%5D2.0.CO%3B2 (accessed June 11, 2013). Clarke, A.R., and M.P. Zalucki. 2004. Monarchs in Australia: on the winds of a storm? Biological Invasions 6:123–127. Available from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B%3ABINV.0000010120.29634.db (accessed June 11, 2013). Dockx, C. 2002. Migration of the North American Monarch Danaus plexippus to Cuba. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida. Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and stabilizing selection on wing size and shape in migrant and resident monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.), in Cuba. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 92:605–616. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095- 8312.2007.00886.x/full (accessed June 11, 2013). Dockx, C. 2012. Differences in phenotypic traits and migratory strategies between eastern North American monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 106:717–736. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095- 8312.2012.01916.x/full (accessed June 11, 2013). Elliott, M.S., B. Massey, X. Cui, E. Hiebert, R. Charudattan, N. Waipara, and L. Hayes. 2009. Supplemental host range of Araujia mosaic virus, a potential biological control agent of moth plant in New Zealand. Australasian Plant Pathology 38:603. Available from http://link.springer.com/10.1071/AP09046 (accessed March 25, 2014). Easton, E.R. and W.-W. Pun. 1997. New records of butterflies from Macau, Southeast China (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Tropical Lepidoptera 8(2):60-66. Erickson, J.M. 1973. The utilization of various Asclepias species by larvae of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Psyche 80:230–244. Available from http://psyche.entclub.org/80/80-230.html (accessed August 29, 2013). Gil-T, F. 2006. A new hostplant for Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Europe. A study of cryptic preimaginal polymorphism within Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) in southern Spain (Andalusia)(Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Danainae). Atalanta 37. Available from http://usuarios3.arsystel.com/yofgt/pdf/text_13.pdf (accessed August 29, 2013). Haeger, J.F., D. Jordano, and M.L. Meléndez. 2011. Status and conservation of Asclepiadaceae and Danaus in southern Spain. Journal of Insect Conservation 15:361–365. Available from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10841-010-9354-7 (accessed June 11, 2013). Harvey, R.G., P.L. Howell, C. Morgenstern, and F.J. Mazzotti. 2009. Native Habitats for Monarch Butterflies in South Florida, WEC266. University of Florida. Available from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW311 (accessed June 11, 2013). Hilburn, D.J. 1989. A Non-Migratory, Non-Diapausing Population of the Monarch Butterfly, Monarch ESA Petition 156
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Page 1 and 2:
BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
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PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
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Though monarchs are found in relati
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threatened by logging, forest disea
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overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
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The monarch was very recently a hig
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when timely action is not undertake
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DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
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Based on the short amount of time s
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After mating a female must soon fin
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legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
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Monarch butterflies in western Nort
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Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
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Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
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managers than roost sites (Brower e
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POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
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land was invaded by common milkweed
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Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
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Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
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almost a billion individuals were i
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When butterflies were collected for
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change, and stochastic weather even
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Pesticide usage figures from USDA
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Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
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Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
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In sum, the limited and early-seaso
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The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
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1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
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In response, all of the major agric
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iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
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to butterflies, especially with fre
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action of glyphosate and either 2,4
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Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
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portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
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and 21 additional hectares were imp
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for some natural areas (Internation
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international community and Mexican
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and California, monarchs are able t
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numbers of butterflies being in the
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Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
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Additionally, FWS will phase out th
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Private Lands The vast majority of
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Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
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As explained elsewhere in this peti
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Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
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Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
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Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
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2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
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most commonly used adulticides are
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Global Climate Change The monarch b
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availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
Page 105 and 106: Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113 and 114: the species at the time it is liste
Page 115 and 116: Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drif
Page 117 and 118: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 119 and 120: http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 125 and 126: Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sik
Page 127 and 128: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 129 and 130: Johal, G.S. and J.E. Rahe. 1984. Ef
Page 131 and 132: Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. Mc
Page 133 and 134: Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly
Page 135 and 136: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 137 and 138: Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 159: Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facil
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