monarch-esa-petition-final_61585

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(L.)(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): an exploration using allozyme electrophoresis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 75:437–452. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00034.x/full (accessed June 11, 2013). Smith, D.A., G. Lushai, and J.A. Allen. 2005. A classification of Danaus butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based upon data from morphology and DNA. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 144:191–212. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2005.00169.x/full (accessed June 11, 2013). Urquhart, F.A., N.R. Urquhart, and F. Munger. 1968. A study of a continuously breeding population of Danaus plexippus in Southern California compared to a migratory population and its significance in the study of insect movement. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 7(4):169-181. Vane-Wright, R.I. 1993. The Columbus Hypothesis: An Explanation for the Dramatic 19th Century Range Expansion of the Monarch Butterfly. Pages 179 – 187 in S.B. Malcolm and M.P. Zalucki, editors. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA. Ward, M., and S.D. Johnson. 2013. Generalised pollination systems for three invasive milkweeds in Australia. Plant Biology 15:566–572. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1438- 8677.2012.00700.x (accessed June 11, 2013). Wise, K.A.J. 1980. Monarch butterfly dispersal in New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 17:157 – 173. Wise, K.A.J. (n.d.). Food-Plants of “Monarch” Butterfly Larvae | NZETC. Available from http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Bio11Tuat02-t1-body-d5.html (accessed June 2, 2013). Wong, E., P.C. Leung, P. Sze, and A. Wong. 2004. Migration and overwintering aggregation of Danaid butterflies in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Biodiversity – Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department Newsletter 6:1-6. Zalucki, M.P., and A.R. Clarke. 2004. Monarchs across the Pacific: the Columbus hypothesis revisited. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 82:111–121. Available from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00322.x/full (accessed June 11, 2013). Zalucki, M.P., and W.A. Rochester. 2004. Spatial and Temporal Population Dynamics of Monarchs Down Under: Lessons for North America. Pages 219 – 228 in K.S. Oberhauser and M.J. Solensky, editors. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Monarch ESA Petition 158
Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facilitate Monarch Butterfly Conservation, Science, Citizen Monitoring, and Education To avoid concerns that protecting monarchs under the ESA would curtail education about the species in classrooms as well as scientific research, citizen monitoring, and beneficial household rearing endeavors, we propose the Fish and Wildlife Service adopt a version of the following rules along with any findings on this petition and/or proposal to list the species. If monarchs are listed as a threatened species, under Section 4(d) of the ESA the Service can create a rule exempting certain activities from the prohibitions in Section 9 when those activities are necessary and advisable for the conservation of the species. 16 U.S.C. § 1533(d). The Service should use its Section 4(d) authority to carve out limited exemptions from the prohibitions on take, transport in commerce, and transport during a commercial activity for scientific research, citizen research and rearing, and conservation education activities that are necessary and advisable for the conservation of the species. The following is a basic outline for the rule: § 17.47(b) Monarchs. (1) The provisions of § 17.31(a) apply to this species, regardless of whether members of the species are in the wild or in captivity, and also apply to the progeny of any such butterfly. (2) Any violation of State law will also be a violation of the Act. (3) Paragraph (b)(1) will not apply to individuals engaged in scientific research on monarchs and/or their habitat that: (i) is beneficial to the conservation of the species or aimed at understanding monarch biology in ways that could benefit future monarch conservation; (ii) does not entail collection of the species for commercial display or commercial breeding; (4) Paragraph (b)(1) will not apply to individuals engaged in citizen monitoring designed to conserve monarchs or scientific research designed to conserve the species or better understand monarch biology that: (i) is overseen by a scientist, conservation organization, or other entity dedicated to the conservation of the species; (ii) does not require capture of members of the species for commercial display or commercial breeding; (5) Paragraph (b)(1) will not apply to conservation education activities that enhance the survival or propagation of the species, including but not limited to: (i) the rearing of monarchs in school classrooms provided that the monarchs are not provided by commercial suppliers; (ii) the rearing of monarchs at nature centers or other facilities designed to educate the public about the ecological role and conservation needs of the species provided that the monarchs are not provided by commercial suppliers; (6) Paragraph (b)(1) will not apply to the collection of wild members of the species and rearing of fewer than ten monarchs per year by any individual, household, or educational entity. Monarch ESA Petition 159
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BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
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PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
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Though monarchs are found in relati
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threatened by logging, forest disea
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overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
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The monarch was very recently a hig
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when timely action is not undertake
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DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
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Based on the short amount of time s
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After mating a female must soon fin
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legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
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Monarch butterflies in western Nort
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Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
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Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
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managers than roost sites (Brower e
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POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
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land was invaded by common milkweed
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Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
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Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
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almost a billion individuals were i
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When butterflies were collected for
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change, and stochastic weather even
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Pesticide usage figures from USDA
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Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
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Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
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In sum, the limited and early-seaso
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The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
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1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
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In response, all of the major agric
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iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
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to butterflies, especially with fre
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action of glyphosate and either 2,4
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Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
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portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
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and 21 additional hectares were imp
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for some natural areas (Internation
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international community and Mexican
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and California, monarchs are able t
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numbers of butterflies being in the
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Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
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Additionally, FWS will phase out th
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Private Lands The vast majority of
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Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
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As explained elsewhere in this peti
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Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
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Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
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Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
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2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
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most commonly used adulticides are
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Global Climate Change The monarch b
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availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
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Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113 and 114: the species at the time it is liste
Page 115 and 116: Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drif
Page 117 and 118: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 119 and 120: http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 125 and 126: Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sik
Page 127 and 128: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 129 and 130: Johal, G.S. and J.E. Rahe. 1984. Ef
Page 131 and 132: Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. Mc
Page 133 and 134: Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly
Page 135 and 136: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 137 and 138: Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155 and 156: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 157: Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Dana
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