monarch-esa-petition-final_61585

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Malcolm, S.B., B.J. Cockrell, and L.P. Brower. 1987. Monarch butterfly voltinism: effects of temperature constraints at different latitudes. Oikos 49:77-82. Malcolm, S. B., B. J. Cockrell, and L. P. Brower. 1993. Spring recolonization of eastern North America by the monarch butterfly: succesive brood or single sweep migration? Pages 253 – 267 in S. B. Malcolm and M. P. Zalucki, editors. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA. Martin, A., and O.C. Burnside. 1977. G77-384-A. Common Milkweed (Revised July 1984). Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension:1491. Available from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2488&context=extensionhist (accessed June 11, 2013). Martin, T.G., S. Nally, A.A. Burbidge, S. Arnall, S.T. Garnett, M.W. Hayward, L.F. Lumsden, P. Menkhorst, E. McDonald-Madden, and H.P. Possingham. 2012. Acting fast helps avoid extinction. Conservation Letters 5:274–280. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1755- 263X.2012.00239.x (accessed June 11, 2013). Martinat, P.J., V. Christman, R.J. Cooper, K.M. Dodge, R.C. Whitmore, G. Booth, and G. Seidel. 1987. Environmental fate of dimilin 25-W in a central Appalachian Forest. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39:142-149. Mason R., H. Tennekes, F. Sanchez-Bayo, and P.U. Jepsen. 2013. Immune Suppression by Neonicotinoid Insecticides at the Root of Global Wildlife Declines. Journal of Environmental Immunology and Toxicology 1:3. doi: 10.7178/jeit.1 Masters, A.R. 1993. Temperature and thermoregulation in the monarch butterfly. Pages 147 – 156 in S.B. Malcolm and M.P. Zalucki, editors. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA. Masters, A.R., S.B. Malcolm, and L.P. Brower. 1988. Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) thermoregulatory behavior and adaptations for overwintering in Mexico. Ecology 69(2):458-467. Mazzacano, C. and S.H. Black. Ecologically sound mosquito management in wetlands. Available from http://www.xerces.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/02/MosMan_Mar13_XercesSociety.pdf (accessed August 20, 2014) McCord, J. W., and A. K. Davis. 2010. Biological Observations of Monarch Butterfly Behavior at a Migratory Stopover Site: Results from a Long-term Tagging Study in Coastal South Carolina. Journal of Insect Behavior 23:405–418. Available from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10905-010-9224-x (accessed August 29, 2013). McLaughlin R.E, and J. Myers. 2007. Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n., a Neogregarine pathogen of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida queen butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 17:300–305. Monarch ESA Petition 132
Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly overwintering sites in Santa Barbara County California. Althouse and Meade Biological and Environmental Services, November 1999. 114 pp. Merlin, C., S. Heinze, and S.M. Reppert. 2012. Unraveling navigational strategies in migratory insects. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 22:353–361. Available from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959438811002108 (accessed August 29, 2013). Miller, N.G., L.I. Wassenaar, K.A. Hobson, and D.R. Norris. 2010. Monarch butterflies cross the Appalachians from the west to recolonize the east coast of North America. Biology Letters 7:43– 46. Available from http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2010.0525 (accessed June 11, 2013). Miller, N.G., L.I. Wassenaar, K.A. Hobson, and D.R. Norris. 2012. Migratory Connectivity of the Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus): Patterns of Spring Re-Colonization in Eastern North America. PLoS ONE 7:e31891. Available from http://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031891 (accessed June 11, 2013). Mineau P, and C. Palmer. 2013. The Impact of the Nation’s Most Widely Used Insecticides on Birds. American Bird Conservancy. Available at: http://www.abcbirds.org/abcprograms/policy/toxins/Neonic_FINAL.pdf Accessed August 7, 2014. Monarch Joint Venture. 2014. Potential risks of growing exotic milkweeds for monarchs. Available from http://monarchjointventure.org/images/uploads/documents/Oe_fact_sheet.pdf (accessed August 7, 2014). Monroe, M., D. Frey, and S. Stevens. 2013. Western Monarch Thanksgiving Count Data from 1997-2012. Available from http://www.xerces.org/western-monarch-thanksgiving-count/ (accessed October 2012). Monroe, M., D. Frey, and S. Stevens. 2014. Western Monarch Thanksgiving Count Data from 1997–2013. Available from http://www.xerces.org/western-monarch-thanksgiving-count/ (accessed August 20, 2014) Monsanto. 2009. Roundup WeatherMAX Specimen Label, 2009. Monsanto. 2010. Petition for the Determination of Nonregulated Status for Dicamba-Tolerant Soybean: MON 87708. Monsanto Company, July 6, 2010. Monsanto. 2012. New Roundup Ready® Xtend Crop System To Extend Weed Control and Maximize Yield. Monsanto Company press release, 3/1/12. Mortensen, D.A., J.F. Egan, B.D. Maxwell, M.R. Ryan, and R.G. Smith. 2012. Navigating a critical juncture for sustainable weed management. BioScience 62:75–84. doi: 10.1525/bio.2012.62.1.12 Monarch ESA Petition 133
Page 1 and 2:
BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
Page 3 and 4:
PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8:
Though monarchs are found in relati
Page 9 and 10:
threatened by logging, forest disea
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overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
Page 13 and 14:
The monarch was very recently a hig
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when timely action is not undertake
Page 17 and 18:
DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
Page 19 and 20:
Based on the short amount of time s
Page 21 and 22:
After mating a female must soon fin
Page 23 and 24:
legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
Page 25 and 26:
Monarch butterflies in western Nort
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
Page 29 and 30:
Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
Page 31 and 32:
managers than roost sites (Brower e
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POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
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land was invaded by common milkweed
Page 37 and 38:
Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
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almost a billion individuals were i
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When butterflies were collected for
Page 45 and 46:
change, and stochastic weather even
Page 47 and 48:
Pesticide usage figures from USDA
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Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
Page 53 and 54:
In sum, the limited and early-seaso
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The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
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1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
Page 59 and 60:
In response, all of the major agric
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iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
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to butterflies, especially with fre
Page 65 and 66:
action of glyphosate and either 2,4
Page 67 and 68:
Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
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portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
Page 71 and 72:
and 21 additional hectares were imp
Page 73 and 74:
for some natural areas (Internation
Page 75 and 76:
international community and Mexican
Page 77 and 78:
and California, monarchs are able t
Page 79 and 80:
numbers of butterflies being in the
Page 81 and 82: Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
Page 83 and 84: Additionally, FWS will phase out th
Page 85 and 86: Private Lands The vast majority of
Page 87 and 88: Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
Page 89 and 90: As explained elsewhere in this peti
Page 91 and 92: Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
Page 93 and 94: Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
Page 95 and 96: Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
Page 97 and 98: 2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
Page 99 and 100: most commonly used adulticides are
Page 101 and 102: Global Climate Change The monarch b
Page 103 and 104: availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
Page 105 and 106: Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113 and 114: the species at the time it is liste
Page 115 and 116: Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drif
Page 117 and 118: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 119 and 120: http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 125 and 126: Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sik
Page 127 and 128: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 129 and 130: Johal, G.S. and J.E. Rahe. 1984. Ef
Page 131: Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. Mc
Page 135 and 136: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 137 and 138: Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155 and 156: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 157 and 158: Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Dana
Page 159: Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facil
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