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Solensky, editors. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Howard, E., and A.K. Davis. 2008. The fall migration flyways of monarch butterflies in eastern North America revealed by citizen scientists. Journal of Insect Conservation 13:279–286. Available from http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10841-008-9169-y (accessed August 29, 2013). Huseth A.S., and R.L. Groves. 2014. Environmental Fate of Soil Applied Neonicotinoid Insecticides in an Irrigated Potato Agroecosystem Salice CJ (Ed). PLoS ONE 9: e97081. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097081 International Environmental Law Project and The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 2012. The legal status of monarch butterflies in California. Available from http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/legal-status-of-california-monarchs.pdf (accessed October 12, 2012). International Survey of Herbicide Resistant Weeds (ISHRW). 2014. Weeds Resistant to EPSP synthase inhibitors (G/9). Available from http://www.weedscience.org/Summary/MOA.aspx?MOAID=12. Note: glyphosate is the only EPSP synthase inhibitor. The cited numbers of glyphosate-resistant weed populations and species and states where they occur are current as of 5/31/14. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2013a. Annex III: Glossary [Planton, S. (ed.)]. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2013b. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. Jepsen, S. and S.H. Black. In press. Understanding and conserving the western North American monarch population. In Oberhauser, K.S. and K. Nail, editors. Monarchs in a Changing World: Biology and Conservation of an Iconic Insect. Ithaca: Oxford University Press. Jeschke P, and R. Nauen. 2008. Neonicotinoids-from zero to hero in insecticide chemistry. Pest Management Science 64:1084-1098. Jeschke, P., R. Nauen, M. Schindler, and A. Elbert. 2011. Overview of the status and global strategy for neonicotinoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59:2897-2908. Monarch ESA Petition 128
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Page 1 and 2:
BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
Page 3 and 4:
PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8:
Though monarchs are found in relati
Page 9 and 10:
threatened by logging, forest disea
Page 11 and 12:
overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
Page 13 and 14:
The monarch was very recently a hig
Page 15 and 16:
when timely action is not undertake
Page 17 and 18:
DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
Page 19 and 20:
Based on the short amount of time s
Page 21 and 22:
After mating a female must soon fin
Page 23 and 24:
legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
Page 25 and 26:
Monarch butterflies in western Nort
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
Page 29 and 30:
Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
Page 31 and 32:
managers than roost sites (Brower e
Page 33 and 34:
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
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land was invaded by common milkweed
Page 37 and 38:
Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
Page 41 and 42:
almost a billion individuals were i
Page 43 and 44:
When butterflies were collected for
Page 45 and 46:
change, and stochastic weather even
Page 47 and 48:
Pesticide usage figures from USDA
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
Page 53 and 54:
In sum, the limited and early-seaso
Page 55 and 56:
The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
Page 57 and 58:
1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
Page 59 and 60:
In response, all of the major agric
Page 61 and 62:
iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
Page 63 and 64:
to butterflies, especially with fre
Page 65 and 66:
action of glyphosate and either 2,4
Page 67 and 68:
Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
Page 69 and 70:
portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
Page 71 and 72:
and 21 additional hectares were imp
Page 73 and 74:
for some natural areas (Internation
Page 75 and 76:
international community and Mexican
Page 77 and 78: and California, monarchs are able t
Page 79 and 80: numbers of butterflies being in the
Page 81 and 82: Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
Page 83 and 84: Additionally, FWS will phase out th
Page 85 and 86: Private Lands The vast majority of
Page 87 and 88: Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
Page 89 and 90: As explained elsewhere in this peti
Page 91 and 92: Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
Page 93 and 94: Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
Page 95 and 96: Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
Page 97 and 98: 2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
Page 99 and 100: most commonly used adulticides are
Page 101 and 102: Global Climate Change The monarch b
Page 103 and 104: availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
Page 105 and 106: Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113 and 114: the species at the time it is liste
Page 115 and 116: Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drif
Page 117 and 118: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 119 and 120: http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 125 and 126: Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sik
Page 127: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 131 and 132: Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. Mc
Page 133 and 134: Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly
Page 135 and 136: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 137 and 138: Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155 and 156: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 157 and 158: Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Dana
Page 159: Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facil
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