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Brower, L.P., L.S. Fink, and P. Walford. 2006. Fueling the fall migration of the monarch butterfly. Integrative and Comparative Biology 46:1123–1142. Available from http://icb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/icb/icl029 (accessed June 11, 2013). Brower, L.P., B.E. Horner, M.A. Marty, C.M. Mofir, and B. Villa R. 1985. Mice (Perocmyscus maniculatus, P. spicilegus, Microtus mexicanus) as predators of overwintering monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) in Mexico. Biotropica 17(2):89-99. Brower, L.P., D.R. Kust, E.R. Salinas, E. Garcia-Serrano, K.R. Kust, J. Miller, C.F. del Rey, and K. Pape. 2004. Catastrophic Winter Storm Mortality of Monarch Butterflies in Mexico during January 2002. Pages 151 – 166 in K. S. Oberhauser and M. J. Solensky, editors. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Brower, L.P., K.S. Oberhauser, M. Boppré, A.V. Brower, and R.I. Vane-Wright. 2007. Monarch sex: ancient rites, or recent wrongs. Antenna, London 31:12–18. Available from https://www.monarchlab.org/Lab/app/upload/pdf/RB- 4%20Brower%20at%20al%20Monarch%20Sex%20Antenna%202007.pdf (accessed June 11, 2013). Brower, L. P., and R. M. Pyle. 2004. The Interchange of Migratory Monarchs between Mexico and the Western United States, and the Importance of Floral Corridors to the Fall and Spring Migrations. Pages 144 – 166 in G. P. Nabhan, editor. Conserving Migratory Pollinators and Nectar Corridors in Western North America. University of Arizona Press and The Arizona- Sonora Desert Museum, Tuscon. Brower, L.P., O.R. Taylor, E.H. Williams, D.A. Slayback, R.R. Zubieta, and M.I. Ramírez. 2012a. Decline of monarch butterflies overwintering in Mexico: is the migratory phenomenon at risk? Insect Conservation and Diversity 5:95–100. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00142.x (accessed May 31, 2013). Brower, L.P., O R. Taylor, and E.H. Williams. 2012b. Response to Davis: choosing relevant evidence to assess monarch population trends. Insect Conservation and Diversity 5:327–329. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1752-4598.2011.00176.x (accessed May 31, 2013). Brower, L.P., E.H. Williams, L.S. Fink, D.A. Slayback, M.I. Ramirez, M.V.L. Garcia, R.R. Zubieta, S.B. Weiss, W.H. Calvert, and W. Zuchowski. 2011. Overwintering clusters of the monarch butterfly coincide with the least hazardous vertical temperatures in the oyamel forest. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 65:27–46. Available from http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/2010s/2011/2011-65-1-027.pdf (accessed August 29, 2013). Brown, T., S. Kegley, L. Archer, T. Finck-Haynes, and B. Olivastri. 2014. Gardener’s beware: Bee-toxic pesticides found in “bee-friendly” plants sold at garden centers across the U.S. and Canada. Report. 65 pp. Available from Monarch ESA Petition 118
http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93/3a/3/4738/GardenersBewareReport_2014.pdf (accessed August 6, 2014). Bryden, J., R.J. Gill, R.A. Mitton, N.E. Raine, and V.A. Jansen. 2013. Chronic sublethal stress causes bee colony failure. Ecology Letters, 16(12): 1463-1469. Butterfield, H.M. 1935. The introduction of Eucalyptus into California. Madrono 3:149-154. California Department of Pesticide Regulation. 2014. Summary of Pesticide Use Report Data 2012 Indexed by Chemical. 726 pp. Available from http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur12rep/chmrpt12.pdf (accessed August 6, 2014). California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB). 2012. California Department of Fish and Game. Available from http://www.dfg.ca.gov/biogeodata/cnddb/ (accessed August 6, 2014). Calvert, W. H. 1996. Fire ant predation on monarch larvae (Nyphalidae: Danainae) in a Central Texas prairie. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 50:149 – 151. Calvert, W.H., L.E. Hedrick, and L.P. Brower. 1979. Mortality of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus L.): avian predation at five overwintering sites in Mexico. Science 204:847 – 851. Calvert, W. H., W. Zuchowski and L. P. Brower. 1983. The effect of rain, snow and freezing temperatures on overwintering monarch butterflies in Mexico. Biotropica 15:42-47. Cameron, S.A., J.D. Lozier, J.P. Strange, J.B. Koch, N. Cordes, L.F. Solter, T.L. Griswold, and G.E. Robinson. 2011. Patterns of widespread decline in North American bumble bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(2):662-667. Cappiello, D. and M. Apuzzo. 2013. The secret environmental cost of U.S. ethanol policy. Associated Press, November 12, 2013. Casagrande, R.A., and J.E. Dacey. 2007. Monarch Butterfly Oviposition on Swallow-Worts (Vincetoxicum spp.). Environmental Entomology 36:631–636. Available from http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0046- 225X&volume=36&issue=3&spage=631 (accessed June 11, 2013). Center for Food Safety (CFS). 2012a. Comments to EPA on Application to Register New Use of Dicamba on Dicamba and Glufosinate Resistant MON 87701 Cotton, and to Establish Tolerances for Residues of Dicamba in Cottonseed and Cotton Gin Byproducts. Available from http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/files/cfs-science-comments-on-dicamba-use-registration-forcotton-date-corrected_45293.pdf (accessed August 20, 2014). Center for Food Safety (CFS). 2012b. Comments to USDA APHIS on Draft Environmental Assessment and Draft Plant Pest Risk Assessment for Dow AgroSciences Petition (09-349-01p) for Determination of Nonregulated Status of Event DAS-68416-4: 2,4-D- and glufosinate- Monarch ESA Petition 119
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BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
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PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8:
Though monarchs are found in relati
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threatened by logging, forest disea
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overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
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The monarch was very recently a hig
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when timely action is not undertake
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DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
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Based on the short amount of time s
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After mating a female must soon fin
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legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
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Monarch butterflies in western Nort
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Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
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Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
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managers than roost sites (Brower e
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POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
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land was invaded by common milkweed
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Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
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Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
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almost a billion individuals were i
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When butterflies were collected for
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change, and stochastic weather even
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Pesticide usage figures from USDA
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Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
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Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
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In sum, the limited and early-seaso
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The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
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1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
Page 59 and 60:
In response, all of the major agric
Page 61 and 62:
iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
Page 63 and 64:
to butterflies, especially with fre
Page 65 and 66:
action of glyphosate and either 2,4
Page 67 and 68: Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
Page 69 and 70: portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
Page 71 and 72: and 21 additional hectares were imp
Page 73 and 74: for some natural areas (Internation
Page 75 and 76: international community and Mexican
Page 77 and 78: and California, monarchs are able t
Page 79 and 80: numbers of butterflies being in the
Page 81 and 82: Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
Page 83 and 84: Additionally, FWS will phase out th
Page 85 and 86: Private Lands The vast majority of
Page 87 and 88: Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
Page 89 and 90: As explained elsewhere in this peti
Page 91 and 92: Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
Page 93 and 94: Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
Page 95 and 96: Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
Page 97 and 98: 2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
Page 99 and 100: most commonly used adulticides are
Page 101 and 102: Global Climate Change The monarch b
Page 103 and 104: availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
Page 105 and 106: Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113 and 114: the species at the time it is liste
Page 115 and 116: Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drif
Page 117: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 125 and 126: Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sik
Page 127 and 128: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 129 and 130: Johal, G.S. and J.E. Rahe. 1984. Ef
Page 131 and 132: Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. Mc
Page 133 and 134: Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly
Page 135 and 136: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 137 and 138: Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155 and 156: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 157 and 158: Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Dana
Page 159: Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facil
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