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Kwan, J.A., M.G. Novak, T.S. Hyles, M.K. Niemela. 2009. Mortality of nontarget arthropods from an aerial application of pyrethrins. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 25(2):218-20. La Marca, E., et al. 2005. Catastrophic population declines and extinctions in neotropical harlequin frogs (Bufonidae:Atelopus). Biotropica 37(2): 190-201. Lane, J. 1984. The status of monarch butterfly overwintering sites in Alta California. Atala 9:17- 20. Lane, J. 1993. Overwintering Monarch Butterflies in California: Past and Present. Pages 335 – 344 in S.B. Malcolm and M.P. Zalucki, editors. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA. Lavoie, B., and K.S. Oberhauser. 2004. Compensatory feeding in Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in response to variation in host plant quality. Environmental Entomology 33:1062–1069. Available from http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/0046-225X- 33.4.1062 (accessed August 29, 2013). Lee, E.H., C.A. Burdick, and D.M. Olszyk. 2005. GIS-based risk assessment of pesticide drift case study: Fresno County, California. EPA/600/R-05/029. Leong, K.L.H. 1989. Final report: monarch lane butterfly survey. Leong, K.L.H. 1990. Microenvironmental factors associated with the winter habitat of the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Central California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83:907-910. Leong, K.L.H. 1999. Restoration of an overwintering grove in Los Osos, San Luis Obispo County, California. Pages 221 – 218 in 1997 North American Conference on the Monarch Butterfly. Eds. J. Hoth, L. Merino, K. Oberhauser, I. Pisanty, S. Price, and T. Wilkinson. Leong, K.L.H., D.F. Frey, A. Brenner, S. Baker, and D. Fox. 1991. The use of multivariate analyses to characterize the monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) winter habitat. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84:263-267. Leong, K.L.H., W.H. Sakai, W. Bremer, D. Feuerstein, and G. Yoshimura. 2004. Analysis of the pattern of distribution and abundance of monarch overwintering sites along the California coastline. Pages 177-185 in K. Oberhauser and M. Solensky, editors. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. Levin, P.S., E.E. Holmes, K.R. Piner, and C.J. Harvey. 2006. Shifts in a Pacific Ocean fish assemblage: the potential influence of exploitation. Conservation Biology 20:1181–1190. Monarch ESA Petition 130
Lindenmayer, D.B., J.T. Wood, L. McBurney, C. MacGregor, K. Youngentob, and S.C. Banks. 2011. How to make a common species rare: A case against conservation complacency. Biological Conservation 144:1663-1672. Lockery vs. Hayter. 2006. H & H Lockrey Farms 1997 Ltd. v. Hayter, 2006 CanLII 127 (ON SC) (Can.). Available from http://caselaw.canada.globe24h.com/0/0/ontario/superior-court-ofjustice/2006/01/03/h-and-h-lockrey-farms-1997-ltd-v-hayter-2006-127-on-sc.shtml (accessed August 20, 2014). Longley, M., and N.W. Sotherton. 1997. Factors determining the effects of pesticides upon butterflies inhabiting arable farmland. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 61:1–12. Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880996010948 (accessed September 17, 2012). Lorentz, L., R. Beffa, and H. Kraehmer. 2011. Recovery of plants and histological observations on advanced weed stages after glyphosate treatment. Weed Research 51(4): 333-343. Love, O. 2012. High cost of land, crops taking bite out of conservation acres. June 16, 2012. KRCG, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Available from http://www.kcrg.com/news/local/high-cost-of-landcrops-taking-bite-out-of-conservation-acres-159295455.html (accessed August 20, 2014). Loux, M.M., J.M. Stachler, and S.K. Harrison. 2001. Weed control guide for Ohio field crops: Common milkweed. Ohio State University Extension, 2001. Available from http://ohioline.osu.edu/weeds/weeds_203.html (accessed August 20, 2014). Lynch, S.P., and R.A. Martin. 1993. Milkweed host plant utilization and cardnolide sequestration by monarch butterflies in Louisiana and Texas. Pages 107 – 123 in S.B. Malcolm and M.P. Zalucki, editors. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA. Lyons, J.I., A.A. Pierce, S.M. Barribeau, E.D. Sternberg, A.J. Mongue, and J.C. de Roode. 2012. Lack of genetic differentiation between monarch butterflies with divergent migration destinations. Molecular Ecology 21:3433–3444. Available from http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05613.x (accessed June 11, 2013). Main, A.R., J.V. Headley, K.M. Peru, N.L. Michel, A.L. Cessna, and C.A. Morrissey. 2014. Widespread use and frequent detection of neonicotinoid insecticides in wetlands of Canada's Prairie Pothole Region. PLoS One 9 (3), e92821. Malcolm, S. B., and L. P. Brower. 1986. Selective oviposition by monarch butterlies (Danaus plexippus L.) in a mixed stad of Ascepius curassavica L. and A. incarnata L. in south Florida. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 40:255–263. Available from http://images.peabody.yale.edu/lepsoc/jls/1980s/1986/1986-40(4)255-Malcolm.pdf (accessed June 19, 2013). Monarch ESA Petition 131
Page 1 and 2:
BEFORE THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIO
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PETITIONERS The Center for Biologic
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary
Page 7 and 8:
Though monarchs are found in relati
Page 9 and 10:
threatened by logging, forest disea
Page 11 and 12:
overwintering habitat in 2002 kille
Page 13 and 14:
The monarch was very recently a hig
Page 15 and 16:
when timely action is not undertake
Page 17 and 18:
DESCRIPTION Photo © Jeffrey E. Bel
Page 19 and 20:
Based on the short amount of time s
Page 21 and 22:
After mating a female must soon fin
Page 23 and 24:
legumes (Fabaceae spp.), goldenrod
Page 25 and 26:
Monarch butterflies in western Nort
Page 27 and 28:
Figure 8. Western monarch collectio
Page 29 and 30:
Cardenolide fingerprinting of monar
Page 31 and 32:
managers than roost sites (Brower e
Page 33 and 34:
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND STATUS
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land was invaded by common milkweed
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Mexico, the Monarch Larva Monitorin
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 13. Western Monarch Thanksgi
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almost a billion individuals were i
Page 43 and 44:
When butterflies were collected for
Page 45 and 46:
change, and stochastic weather even
Page 47 and 48:
Pesticide usage figures from USDA
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 18. Estimated Agricultural U
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 20. A: Percentage of U.S. so
Page 53 and 54:
In sum, the limited and early-seaso
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The Iowa and Minnesota surveys exem
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1999 accounted for 56 percent of th
Page 59 and 60:
In response, all of the major agric
Page 61 and 62:
iodiversity in agriculture-dominate
Page 63 and 64:
to butterflies, especially with fre
Page 65 and 66:
action of glyphosate and either 2,4
Page 67 and 68:
Brower et al. (2012a) identify loss
Page 69 and 70:
portion of Sierra Campanario. Loggi
Page 71 and 72:
and 21 additional hectares were imp
Page 73 and 74:
for some natural areas (Internation
Page 75 and 76:
international community and Mexican
Page 77 and 78:
and California, monarchs are able t
Page 79 and 80: numbers of butterflies being in the
Page 81 and 82: Petition, Loss of Monarch Habitat i
Page 83 and 84: Additionally, FWS will phase out th
Page 85 and 86: Private Lands The vast majority of
Page 87 and 88: Vidal et al. (2013) identify small-
Page 89 and 90: As explained elsewhere in this peti
Page 91 and 92: Neonicotinoids include imidacloprid
Page 93 and 94: Figure 26. Increasing imidacloprid
Page 95 and 96: Figure 29. Increasing clothianidin
Page 97 and 98: 2012, Nuyttens et al. 2013). This d
Page 99 and 100: most commonly used adulticides are
Page 101 and 102: Global Climate Change The monarch b
Page 103 and 104: availability (Cockrell et al. 1993,
Page 105 and 106: Severe Weather and Catastrophic Eve
Page 107 and 108: two highly invasive swallow-wort sp
Page 109 and 110: that the entire North American rang
Page 111 and 112: and Oberhauser 2012). There is also
Page 113 and 114: the species at the time it is liste
Page 115 and 116: Baldwin, F.L. 2011. Glyphosate drif
Page 117 and 118: Brower, A.V. Z., and M. M. Jeansonn
Page 119 and 120: http://libcloud.s3.amazonaws.com/93
Page 121 and 122: Cleary Chemical Corporation. 2006.
Page 123 and 124: Dockx, C. 2007. Directional and sta
Page 125 and 126: Franz, J.E., M.K. Mao, and J.A. Sik
Page 127 and 128: Hartzler, R.G., and D.D. Buhler. 20
Page 129: Johal, G.S. and J.E. Rahe. 1984. Ef
Page 133 and 134: Meade, D.E. 1999. Monarch butterfly
Page 135 and 136: permethrin barrier treatments. Envi
Page 137 and 138: Rasmussen, N. 2001. Plant hormones
Page 139 and 140: the Linnean Society 144:191-212. Av
Page 141 and 142: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/F
Page 143 and 144: U.S. Environmental Protection Agenc
Page 145 and 146: Wyatt, R., A. Stoneburner, S.B. Bro
Page 147 and 148: Appendix A: Non-migratory Populatio
Page 149 and 150: 2004). These milkweeds also have be
Page 151 and 152: y one or a few butterflies and then
Page 153 and 154: Philippines Although monarchs were
Page 155 and 156: Resident monarchs have also been st
Page 157 and 158: Danaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Dana
Page 159: Appendix B: Proposed Rules to Facil
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