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Mozambican Civil Society Within: Evaluation, Challenges, Opportunities and Action So instead of pretending that the study and the data have no limitations, the technical team feels that the best option is to invite the reader and other researchers to assess the results analytically and critically. Wherever the results are not robust and do not inspire confidence, ideally they should encourage other analysts and researchers to try and study the subject in more depth and, to the extent possible, analyse the same data or new data that may be gathered in the meantime, presenting complementary, new or different descriptions and explanations. The results that eventually prevail will be those that pass the scrutiny of certification and demonstrate that they are consistent with the reality they seek to reflect. 16 Civil Society Index, Mozambique 2007
Mozambican Civil Society Within: Evaluation, Challenges, Opportunities and Action 2. CIVIL SOCIETY IN MOZAMBIQUE Table 2.1.1: Mozambique Indicators 2.1. Historical Approach to Mozambican Society The history of pre- and post- independence Mozambique has produced a context where civil society saw and sees that its capacity and ability to exercise its rights and duties in defence of citizens is a demanding task. There is little pre-colonial literature on associativism in African societies in the territory that became Mozambique, although there were state forms that directly or indirectly “forced” the creation of non-profit associations. The literature on associativism that covers the colonial period sees it in a context of opposition to the Portuguese colonial regime and the influence of the international context, such as pan-africanist ideals, negritude, and revolutionary socialism. Post-independence literature sought to approach the associative practice not just in the context of defending group interests, but also as a way of tackling disasters caused by nature and those caused by people. The literature that analyses the impact of associations maintains there was a controversial impact, positive and negative, depending on the authors’ indicators and approaches. Until the mid 80s there is little Mozambican post-independence literature on associativism because the one party system that existed in Mozambique made it difficult to establish borders, confounded the State with the Party and society in general, and prohibited any form of association outside the formal vehicles of the Mozambican State. According to Area (1000 Km2) Population, 1000 inhab., Census 2007 Urban population, % of total, 2005 Life Expectancy at Birth, UNDP Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000) Illiteracy, % 15 years old and over Unemployment, IFTRAB, 2004/05 Inflation, INE, Dec. 05/04 Exchange rate (2005, MT/US$) Human Development Index and international position, 2005 GDP per capita (Dollars PPC), 2005 USD 2005 Human Poverty Index, 2005 Gini Index 2002-03 Net public development assistance disbursed, USD per capita Women in Parliament INE Languages most spoken daily, DHS 2003 Emakhuwa Xichangana Portuguese Elomwe Main Religions, DHS 2003 Catholic Siao/Zione Muslim Without religion Protestant/Evangelical 399,4 20.530,7 34,5 47,1 anos 42,8 anos 107,9 53,6% 19% 13,1% 22.936,4 0,384 172º 1.242 335 50,6% 47,3% $65 19,4% PIB 34,8% 26,1% 11,3% 8,8% 7,6% 25,2% 21,7% 17,7% 17,8% 8,8% Source: INE, 2008 http://www.ine.gov.mz/ ; USAID e INE, 2005 (HDHS2003), UNDP, 2007. Civil Society Index, Mozambique 2007 17
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