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Mozambican Civil Society Within: Evaluation, Challenges, Opportunities and Action Yussuf Adam and Humberto Coimbra (1997) Frelimo and the state saw themselves as the only legitimate representatives of the people and the few agencies that existed had to submit to their control. (Adam and Coimbra, 1997: 83; Newitt, 1997: 467). Even the so-called “democratic mass organisations” (DMOs) were subject to strict directive controls that excluded diversity. Social control of women was exercised by the Mozambican Women’s Organisation (OMM); for youth there was OJM, for wage workers the OTM, for teachers the ONP, for journalists the ONJ, among others. However, as in colonial times, during the first decade of independence there were also actions to free society from the strict control of the state or the single party. In addition to the extreme example, involving the armed opposition launched by RENAMO, there were also peaceful examples associated, for example, with the Christian Council of Mozambique (CCM) and the appearance of Caritas Mozambique as well as the State’s constant difficulties in facing the peasant movement that created the National Union of Peasants (UNAC) (Negrão, 2003). Figure 2.1.1: Non-Profit Organisations and Period of Birth, Year 2003 Number of CSO 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 170 691 230 350 703 257 Religious associations 846 Political Associations 567 61 13 15 Foreign NGOs 99 26 4 7 Educational associations 59 Before 1974 From 1974 to 1983 From 1984 to 1993 From 1994 to 2003 Períod of birth Religious associations Political Associations Educational associations Foreign NGOs Fonte: INE, 2006: 98 Before 1984 there were a few associations in Mozambique. References to Non-Governmental Organizations include the Mozambique Red Cross, the General Cooperative Union, Doctors Without Borders and associations linked to the Frelimo party (OMM for example). After the introduction of freedom of association the number of NGOs started to rise. In 2003 the INE conducted a census of 4853 Non-Profit Institutions in Mozambique. Over 70% of these associations worked in just 5 provinces while less than 30% were active in the remaining six provinces. Most units were concentrated in Nampula province (19.5%), followed by Gaza (14.6%), Inhambane (14%), Maputo city (12.9%) and Maputo province (9.5%). In the remaining provinces the number was less than or equal to 6.1% (INE, 2006:43). 18 Civil Society Index, Mozambique 2007
Mozambican Civil Society Within: Evaluation, Challenges, Opportunities and Action Figure 2.1.2: Non-Profit Organisations According to Year Established From 1994 to 2003, 40% Before 1974, 21% From1974 to 1983, 14% From 1984 to 1993, 25% INE, 2006: 98 As regards their origins, most associations are young (INE, 2006: 45), which is understandable given the context of the changed paradigm in the political system that permitted the introduction of the new constitution in 1990. This new constitutional framework led to the law on freedom of association and thus the expansion of civil organisations. In recent decades the evolution of the role of civil Society can be seen in the way its various component groups get involved, participate and contribute to a variety of events, processes and even situations of national crisis or crisis within their communities. These civil society groups have evolved from just service delivery, previously the government’s responsibility, to active participants in research and advocacy actions that put pressure on the state and international institutions. These actions focus on the need to improve public policies and community development in Mozambique and in Africa in general. In order to give some idea of the distribution of CSO involvement and their purpose, Figure 2.2.4 compares the situation as seen by the 2003 INE census of non-profit institutions with the recent situation recorded by the CSO survey under the CSI project. 4 The methodology of the CSI project tried to take into account not only the categories proposed by CIVICUS but also those of INE as well as other categories missing from the INE classification because of its focus on formal organizations i.e. organisations that were registered or had a recognized address. The CSI survey tried to contemplate informal organizations, including those that were not registered or did not have a formal address, such as savings groups and other community forms. For this reason, figure 2.1.3 contains a category called “community organizations” which, by definition, were not contemplated in the INE census. As the INE CINSFLU2003 (2006) only contemplated more or less formal organizations, the CSI project also tried to cover socially relevant but functionally informal community organizations. 4 For the purposes of this research on CSOs, non-profit organizations are considered civil society organizations (CSO). Civil Society Index, Mozambique 2007 19
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