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Mozambican Civil Society Within: Evaluation, Challenges, Opportunities and Action The technical team is convinced that this research has still not been able to capture correctly the complex network of informal organisations that are socially relevant and important in the dynamics of civil society. The roughly 10% of such CSOs that were identified certainly underrepresent the real situation. Nevertheless, it was a first step towards identifying socially relevant organizations. Figure 2.1.3: Participation in CSOs in 2003 and 2007, Mozambique Other Community organisations Comm. Prof Assoc. Unions Religious Associations International Cooperation Donors + Philanthropists Law, Advocacy e Politics Development and Housing Environment Social Services Health Culture, education, Recreation 9 12 9 9 29 42 52 (in %) 0 20 40 60 INE2006 INC07 2.2. Mapping of Mozambican Civil Society Today Mozambican civil society has been diversifying and expanding in ways that are still little known by research institutions. Until recently the INE National Accounts System that guides the compilation of economic data in Mozambique, only gathered relevant information on the civil society sector very indirectly. However, with the publication of its report on the first census of so-called Non-Profit Institutions (2006) INE made an important contribution to filling the gap in representative statistical data on civil society. The INE census of non-profit institutions (CINSFLU) provided the first X-ray and representative mapping of Mozambican civil society, at least the most formal part. It permitted the collection of information on voluntary customs involving not just typically charitable forms or community service, but also a whole series of activities, including organisations that serve society and government as well as households. Although CINSFLU 2004/5 was published in 2006, it has received minimum attention from CSOs. The CSI project team countered this attitude, trying to reconcile the CIVICUS methodology with the only statistically representative base on a substantial part of Mozambican civil society. In truth, from the methodological point of view, the fact that INE had already made an effort to capture relevant dimensions of civil society provided an important starting point. 20 Civil Society Index, Mozambique 2007
Mozambican Civil Society Within: Evaluation, Challenges, Opportunities and Action For the purposes of the CSI research the INE mapping of different categories of non-profit institutions was compared and made compatible with the CIVICUS categories. The latter, although more detailed, needed structuring of the kind done by INE. As shown in Annex 3, the INE (2006) categories with 12 groups and 29 subgroups were compared and made compatible with the 20 categories proposed by CIVICUS. Table 2.1.2 presents the list of uniform categories used in the project’s primary research, both the citizen and the CSO surveys. One critical note of caution must be mentioned explicitly for consideration in future research. There are signs that Mozambican civil society has more complex dynamics than can be caught by categories adapted to formal institutions. This means that right from the start it must be admitted that the concepts and categories have certain limitations when it comes to capturing relations that are socially relevant but cannot be immediately formalized. For example, there are many community mutual assistance groups that for reasons of definition were not captured by the INE research, and very probably they also went unnoticed by the CSI project researchers. As Mozambican society is highly informal, many institutions of an eminently informal but socially relevant nature were missed by research that focused on formal institutions. For example, mutual assistance groups such as Kurhimela Xitoco-Thothotho, Tsima-Ntimo, Xitique, Kurhimela, Kuthekela, Matsoni-Holimihana and Mukhumi/Oteka (see Table 13 in Francisco and Paulo 2006: 84) are socially relevant forms of civil society organization that someday should be taken into account. It is true that such groups do not meet formality requirements but formality will have to consider ways of becoming more socially relevant. Civil Society Index, Mozambique 2007 21
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