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Mozambican Civil Society Within: Evaluation, Challenges, Opportunities and Action
2. CIVIL SOCIETY IN
MOZAMBIQUE
Table 2.1.1: Mozambique Indicators
2.1. Historical Approach to
Mozambican Society
The history of pre- and post- independence
Mozambique has produced a context
where civil society saw and sees that its
capacity and ability to exercise its rights
and duties in defence of citizens is a
demanding task.
There is little pre-colonial literature on
associativism in African societies in the
territory that became Mozambique,
although there were state forms that
directly or indirectly “forced” the creation
of non-profit associations. The literature on
associativism that covers the colonial
period sees it in a context of opposition to
the Portuguese colonial regime and the
influence of the international context, such
as pan-africanist ideals, negritude, and
revolutionary socialism.
Post-independence literature sought to
approach the associative practice not just
in the context of defending group interests,
but also as a way of tackling disasters
caused by nature and those caused by
people. The literature that analyses the
impact of associations maintains there
was a controversial impact, positive and
negative, depending on the authors’
indicators and approaches.
Until the mid 80s there is little Mozambican
post-independence literature on
associativism because the one party
system that existed in Mozambique made
it difficult to establish borders, confounded
the State with the Party and society in
general, and prohibited any form of
association outside the formal vehicles of
the Mozambican State. According to
Area (1000 Km2)
Population, 1000 inhab., Census 2007
Urban population, % of total, 2005
Life Expectancy at Birth,
UNDP
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000)
Illiteracy, % 15 years old and over
Unemployment, IFTRAB, 2004/05
Inflation, INE, Dec. 05/04
Exchange rate (2005, MT/US$)
Human Development Index and
international position, 2005
GDP per capita (Dollars PPC), 2005
USD 2005
Human Poverty Index, 2005
Gini Index 2002-03
Net public development assistance
disbursed, USD per capita
Women in Parliament
INE
Languages most spoken daily, DHS 2003
Emakhuwa
Xichangana
Portuguese
Elomwe
Main Religions, DHS 2003
Catholic
Siao/Zione
Muslim
Without religion
Protestant/Evangelical
399,4
20.530,7
34,5
47,1 anos
42,8 anos
107,9
53,6%
19%
13,1%
22.936,4
0,384
172º
1.242
335
50,6%
47,3%
$65
19,4% PIB
34,8%
26,1%
11,3%
8,8%
7,6%
25,2%
21,7%
17,7%
17,8%
8,8%
Source: INE, 2008 http://www.ine.gov.mz/ ; USAID e INE, 2005
(HDHS2003), UNDP, 2007.
Civil Society Index, Mozambique 2007
17