Barley for Food and Health: Science, Technology, and Products

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MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY 21 The focus of this book is limited to cultivated barley, although it should be recognized that wild barley with brittle rachis is harvested for food in certain areas of the world, especially when famine is prevalent. To avoid grain loss from shattering, wild barley is harvested prior to maturity while green and then allowed to dry, thus preserving the kernel (Harlan 1978). MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY Growth and development begins with germination of the seed. Moral et al. (2002) divided the growth and development of the barley plant into three major phases: vegetative, reproductive, and grain filling. The vegetative phase begins at germination followed by floral initiation characterized by early formation of tillers and leaves. The reproductive phase begins with the formation of the spikelet and ends with pollination of the ovaries in the spikelets. Grain filling begins after pollination with enlargement of endosperm and embryo cell numbers for accumulating dry matter and initial vegetative primorda, respectively. Duration of each phase varies with genotype, geographic area, and agronomic and climatic factors. The basic anatomical parts of the cultivated barley plant are roots, stems, leaves, spikes, spikelets, and kernels (Figure 2.2), which are not unlike the parts of most plants in the Poaceae family. Roots Upon absorption of moisture, germination occurs, initiating a series of events beginning with the formation of roots. Roots of the barley plant are simple axial structures having no leaflike organs, nodes, or internodes. Barley has two sets of roots, the primary or seminal roots and the adventitious roots. Primary roots are produced during germination arising from the coleorhiza, usually numbering five to seven. These roots grow outward and downward, branching and forming a fibrous mass, having hair roots for increasing surface area to maximize water and nutrient absorption from the soil. Hair roots are short lived and are being replaced continuously as the root system grows. Adventitious roots, arising out of the crown as tillers develop, tend to be thicker and are less branched than the primary roots. Seedling establishment begins with the downward extension of roots into the soil. The extent of root development is dependent on the type and depth of soil, availability of water and nutrients, and barley genotype. Tillers The coleoptile, a sheath enclosing tissue capable of mitosis, produces a “shoot” that breaks through the testa or seed coat and grows up the dorsal side of the kernel under the lemma shortly after roots begin to develop, providing further stability to the seedling (Figure 2.3). The coleoptile encloses and protects the shoot as it grows toward the soil surface. At this point a complex series of
22 BARLEY: TAXONOMY, MORPHOLOGY, AND ANATOMY FIGURE 2.2 Parts of barley plant. Left: roots, stem, leaves. Center: kernel. Upper right: spike or head with awns. Lower right: Spikelet. (Courtesy of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.) events leads to emergence of the cotyledon (first leaf) and the main shoot and primary tillers. Once the cotyledon emerges, the coleoptile ceases to elongate. As the young plant grows, this sequence is repeated at other primary tiller sites. Each primary tiller has the potential to produce secondary tillers. The first primary tillers may become nearly as large as the main shoot. The number of tillers per plant is influenced by plant density, genotype, and environmental factors. Tiller length also depends on genotype and environment, and to some extent, plant density. The mature tiller is a cylindrical structure consisting of hollow internodes, separated by solid nodes or joints with transverse septa. In the average plant there are five to seven internodes, although 10 or 11 internodes have been observed. The basal internode is the shortest, and the internode diameter decreases toward the top of the plant. The peduncle is the part of the tiller from the last node to the collar which marks the transition from the tiller into the rachis of the spike. The collar is sometimes referred to as the basal node of the rachis. There several types of collars, the most common being closed, V-shaped, open, and modified closed or open. The top of the peduncle just below the spike is referred to as the neck and may be straight, curved, or zigzag.
Page 2: BARLEY FOR FOOD AND HEALTH Science,
Page 5 and 6: On a Seed “This was the goal of t
Page 7 and 8: Cover design by Jean Rose Johnston.
Page 10 and 11: CONTENTS Preface xiii 1 Barley Hist
Page 12 and 13: CONTENTS ix Infrared Processing, 12
Page 14: CONTENTS xi Asia, 221 Barley Mixed-
Page 17 and 18: xiv PREFACE In the concluding two c
Page 19 and 20: 2 RELATIONSHIP OF HUMANS AND BARLEY
Page 27 and 28: 10 RELATIONSHIP OF HUMANS AND BARLE
Page 35 and 36: 2 Barley: Taxonomy, Morphology, and
Page 37: 20 BARLEY: TAXONOMY, MORPHOLOGY, AN
Page 41 and 42: 24 BARLEY: TAXONOMY, MORPHOLOGY, AN
Page 49 and 50: 3 Barley Biotechnology: Breeding an
Page 51 and 52: 34 BARLEY BIOTECHNOLOGY: BREEDING A
Page 73 and 74: 4 Barley: Genetics and Nutrient Com
Page 75 and 76: 58 BARLEY: GENETICS AND NUTRIENT CO
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72 BARLEY: GENETICS AND NUTRIENT CO
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96 BARLEY PROCESSING: METHODS AND P
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98 BARLEY PROCESSING: METHODS AND P
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100 BARLEY PROCESSING: METHODS AND
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134 EVALUATION OF FOOD PRODUCT QUAL
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7 Barley Food Product Research and
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146 BARLEY FOOD PRODUCT RESEARCH AN
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8 Health Benefits of Barley Foods I
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180 HEALTH BENEFITS OF BARLEY FOODS
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9 Current Status of Global Barley P
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206 CURRENT STATUS OF GLOBAL BARLEY
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208 CURRENT STATUS OF GLOBAL BARLEY
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10 Barley Foods: Selected Tradition
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212 BARLEY FOODS: SELECTED TRADITIO
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APPENDIX 1 Glossary: Botany and Pla
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APPENDIX 2 Glossary: Food and Nutri
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APPENDIX 3 Glossary: Barley Terms T
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APPENDIX 4 Equivalent Weights and M
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SOURCES OF BARLEY AND BARLEY PRODUC
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Rancho Cucamonga, CA 91730 Ph: 888-
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SOURCES OF BARLEY AND BARLEY PRODUC
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E-mail:Tony.Steeper@csiro.au Web: h
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BARLEY RESOURCE ORGANIZATIONS 241 P
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INDEX Air classification, 102, 122-
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INDEX 245 Meat and barley casserole
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