Migrants, Minorities, Belongings and Citizenship. Glocalization and ...

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‘mobility of minds and bodies’. The diversity perspective includes, thus, also what the above three approaches leave out or only seek new ad hoc solutions for: - (im)mobility of minds between different references of identification – i.e. mobile identities and shifting belongings; - (im)mobility of bodies – i.e. migration and frequent movement across places and different spaces of interaction; - (im)mobility of boundaries – i.e. shifting territorial, political, cultural, economic, social, and individual boundaries. The diversity perspective merges ‘difference’ and ‘commonality’ on the one hand and ‘mobility’ and ‘immobility’ on the other in the notion of ‘co-other’ (Sicakkan 2003). The ‘co-other’ is not a physical reality. It is a state of mind that enables individuals to see themselves as ‘just another other’, i.e. as a third person who is different both from the self and from the concrete others surrounding the self. The co-other can empathically shift between different references of identification and between the self and the other. In this sense, the co-other also refers to multiple identities. The perspective of diversity is built upon the ontology of embedded self-otherness of autonomous selves and on an understanding of ethics embedded therein. In contrast to the holistic ontology of embedded persons, the co-other is free from its own embedded self through othering itself. In contrast to the individualist ontology of autonomous persons, the co-other is embedded through its own otherness because its otherness capacitates it to associate itself with others. The diverse society is, thus, the community of ‘selves’, ‘others’ and ‘coothers’ (Sicakkan 2003), which can accommodate differences, commonalities, mobility, and immobility at the same time. The new ontology implied here is one of individuals as physically mobile between places on the one hand, and of minds as emphatically mobile between different references of identification. In Glocalmig, this ontology applies as a supplement to the classical liberal ontology of autonomous individuals and also the classical communitarian ontology of socially embedded persons, which fixes and limits ‘identities’ and belongings to territories, states, ethnies, communities, nations, etc. With the comprehensive ontology behind Glocalmig, one can conceive of the phenomenon citizenship as a structure that provides access for people with legitimate claims to arenas, spaces, and corporate 34
enefits in the state. 1 A claim of access to arenas and corporate benefits in the state is legitimate insofar as the claimants are directly affected by the citizenship structure and as long as it does not opt for deconstructing an already inclusive structure. This new ontological frame both contains and supplements the assumptions of the former three ontologies. It is this comprehensive ontological frame that enables the diversity perspective to be a more adequate approach in today’s diverse societies. As the problems are related to citizens’ involvement, any design of a citizenship form and a public space model should address the issues of fixed and mobile individual and collective belongings and fixed and mobile political and cultural boundaries. These mobilities and immobilities set individuals, groups, and the existing structures of citizenship apart; and they increasingly detach individuals from the existing public spaces. This process of increasing misalignments manifests itself as a decrease in citizen involvement. Mobilities set citizens and citizenship structures apart because public spaces have fixed locations that require belonging to a place. Immobility of citizens sets them apart from citizenship structures because the political and cultural boundaries have now become mobile. The postulate that citizens can be educated to participate in politics and will someday ‘learn’ to come back to the existing public spaces is therefore not a realistic one. This project suggests instead designing new public spaces which can bring the public spaces to where citizens are rather than waiting for citizens to come where public spaces are. This presupposes mobile, multiple, composite civic public spaces which can accommodate diversity and (im)mobility; and the “glocal spaces” may be the prototypes of such public spaces. Theoretical approach and conceptualization strategy in QC-CITKIT In the history of social sciences, citizenship theories facing new realities have revised their conceptual frameworks several times. Weber (1923) and Marshall (1950) described the first conceptual change as the demise of the class dimension in citizenship. Arendt (1976) described the second change as the rise of the Nation. The third change has been described by Habermas (1992, 1994a-b) as the decoupling of ‘citizenship’ from ‘nation’. The last development was actually the result of the ethical challenges posed by the suppressed situation of native ethnic and religious ‘minorities’ in the Western democracies. The emerging broader meaning of ‘citizenship’ extended the boundaries of demos in the citizenship theories to include also native ‘minorities’. However, through the principle of ius soli, both ‘nation’ and ‘citizenship’ became this time coupled with 1 Sicakkan, H.G and Lithman, Y. (2004, forthcoming), “Theorizing Citizenship, Politics of Identity, and Modes of Belonging” in Envisioning Togethernes, Edwin Mellen Press, New York and London. 35
Page 1 and 2: EU RESEARCH ON SOCIAL SCIENCES AND
Page 3 and 4: EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU RESEARCH ON
Page 5 and 6: Preface Within the Fifth Community
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents Preface v Aknowle
Page 9 and 10: Aknowledgements On behalf of the Un
Page 11 and 12: The above statement should be regar
Page 13 and 14: meticulously addressing the citizen
Page 15 and 16: contexts. Policy responses to socia
Page 17 and 18: findings could only include certain
Page 19 and 20: the one hand and between participat
Page 21 and 22: collected during the country studie
Page 23 and 24: ● which existing national and int
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. The Countries and Groups u
Page 27 and 28: III. SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF PROJ
Page 29 and 30: The designs of the three research t
Page 31 and 32: diverse society. In other words, th
Page 33: citizenships (e.g. new problems, ne
Page 37 and 38: These anomalies require supplement
Page 39 and 40: Table 2. Notions of the Citizen in
Page 41 and 42: The dimensions that Glocalmig focus
Page 43 and 44: spheres of interaction, meaning, an
Page 45 and 46: Residence, Permanent Residence, Mat
Page 47 and 48: The major objection to a comparison
Page 49 and 50: Table 3. Measurement and Scaling Mo
Page 51 and 52: and individuals within the new cont
Page 53 and 54: the future. In this sense, the data
Page 55 and 56: 3) Acceptance, cooperation, and sym
Page 57 and 58: integration and intercultural learn
Page 59 and 60: Medborgerhuset can be translated in
Page 61 and 62: It seems that a lot of the explanat
Page 63 and 64: The absence of some categories in s
Page 65 and 66: In order to provide a conceptual st
Page 67 and 68: 2.2.4. Multidimensional belongings
Page 69 and 70: 1. Variable Principal Normalization
Page 71 and 72: Dimension 5: European-territorial b
Page 73 and 74: territories. This is an alignment b
Page 75 and 76: voice and influence - national spac
Page 77 and 78: Figure 7. Participation in Essentia
Page 79 and 80: Figure 9. Respondents’ Geographic
Page 81 and 82: 2.2.7. Mobility of Minds - Psychic/
Page 83 and 84: section is whether the degree of ge
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On the other hand, increased “cro
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Table 12. Alignments/Misalignments
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extra-territorials are the most con
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characteristics (belonging, partici
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Concerning “alignments and misali
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2.3.3. Spatial and mental mobility
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Table 16. Explanatory Powers of the
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Figure 12. Three Predictive Models
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separates between essentialized spa
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Fig. 14 illustrates the most import
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country methods, especially in the
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language skills, and organizational
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is being created in these sites. Th
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V. DISSEMINATION AND EXPLOITATION O
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York-based publisher, Edwin Mellen
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2003 Radical Transnationalism and T
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Scientific report submitted to the
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2. Dissemination by the Austrian Ac
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Towards a political theory of migra
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Teaching 2004 summer term: Course a
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4. Dissemination by the Estonian In
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6. Dissemination by the Central Eur
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VI. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.
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Calhoun, Craig 1997, Nationalism. B
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Horowitz, Donald L. 1985, Ethnic Gr
Page 135 and 136:
Ragin, Charles 1991, “The Problem
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Taylor, Charles 1992, “Multicultu
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European Commission EUR 23143 — E
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KI-NA-23143-EN-N
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