Migrants, Minorities, Belongings and Citizenship. Glocalization and ...

have a dominant sense of transnational belonging. Examining these respondents’
responses to the in-depth interview questions, one may state that they have primarily an
ethnic-transnational belonging; that is, a diasporic belonging which also comprises a high
level of loyalty to their country of residence/citizenship. Both high and low scores on this
dimension represent an openness beyond the boundaries of the nation state. However, in
contrast to the high-scorers, the respondents who score low on this dimension have weak
communal (ethnic and/or religious), national and transnational belongings and high
political, individual, gender, global, and European belongings. They have a sense of
belonging to a civic and religiously/ethnically open humanity, world and Europe. This
dimension accounts for 20,17% of the total variance.
Dimension 3: Universalist-cosmopolitan versus gendered-territorial belonging
The high-scorers on this dimension are universalist-cosmopolitans. They identify with the
globe, humanity and Europe. They regard both their own and others’ belongings related
to gender and sexuality as irrelevant, and identify themselves primarily as humans rather
than men, women, citizens of a country or member of a group (“national belonging”
characterizes this dimension less). In other words, their sense of belonging is based on
boundary transcending references of identification. Their sense of belonging barely
comprises any group belonging. On the other hand, those who score low on this
dimension have a moderately strong group belonging in terms of their gender, sexuality,
and territoriality. A closer examination of interviews notes of the group of respondents
with low scores indicated that the majority these were women who scored low on global
belonging variable. Dimension 3 accounts for 15% of the total variance.
Dimension 4: Political belonging
There is a single dominant variable in this dimension – political belonging. “Political
belonging” clusters in this dimension – to a limited extent – with ethnic, gender, sexual,
individual, and transnational belongings. In other words, this dimension is about certain
“problematic” issues in western politics such as minority, gender, gays/lesbians, etc. A
closer examination of the respondents’ profiles indicated that this dimension is primarily
and almost exclusively about the degree of respondents’ self-identification as a political
persons. Since the values of the three negative loadings on this dimension are much
smaller than that of “political belonging”, this dimension can be interpreted as unipolar –
indicating the degree of the respondents’ political belonging with a focus on ethnicity,
gender, sexuality, and ethnic transnationalism. Dimension 4 accounts for 11,13% of the
total variance.
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