Migrants, Minorities, Belongings and Citizenship. Glocalization and ...

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African music club, etc.). Intercultural sites are still relatively underdeveloped, or hidden, or based on quickly changing constellations of informal networks. (Bozóki and Bösze 2004:135-136) In the Hungarian report, Bozóki and Bösze report four different types of a glocal site: (1) professional, (2) leisure, (3) cultural/social, and (4) friendship. Concerning the fourth category, they report that Many glocal sites are not really permanent sites but rather glocal activities which are based on friendships and informal relationships. Those were started as occasional events but became less regular activities/sites. Their survival solely depends on the willingness of people to keep them alive. […] Here, primarily, activity shapes the chance for participation in decision-making processes. Those who come regularly can naturally be able to participate in decision-making without any formal ‘legitimacy’. (Bozóki and Bösze 2004:136-37) The third model comprises countries where politics and public spaces are premised upon one or another sort of homogeneity, from which some persons feel a need to escape – as expressed by many respondents in Austria, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. The glocal sites in Vienna, Copenhagen, Helsinki and Bergen proved to be more institutionalized than those in Budapest and Tallinn. According to Fischer, [WUK] is the largest of such sites in Vienna, it has a reputation of cultural diversity and it is renowned for its alternative grassroots system of decision making (Fischer et al. 2004:40). This description of the glocal site in Vienna also illustrates the policy-relevancy of glocal sites. The situation in the other three countries is not much different. Masoud Mohammadi, a musician and user of the Nørre Allé Medborgerhus in Copenhagen, wrote in a local newspaper chronicle, Today, after ten years’ efforts by the users, workers, and administrators in this place, the ‘House’ has developed to become one of the most active and fascinating sites in the capital. A ‘house’ which Copenhagen inhabitants can all be proud of, no matter which ethnic background they may have. 3 3 Chronicle by Masoud Muhammadi in PåGaden, 10. årg. (2003), No.5 (my translation from Danish). The name of the newspaper in English would be “on the street”. 58
Medborgerhuset can be translated into English as the House of Cohabitants. In the executive board’s action plan for 2002, the main goal was defined as The House of Cohabitants shall play an active role in the integration process and seeks therefore cooperation possibilities with all relevant organizations aiming to improve the conditions of the ethnic minorities in Denmark. 4 Also CAISA in Helsinki has features similar to Nørre Allé Medborgerhus. Sanna Saksela reports in the Finnish report that [CAISA] fulfills the requirements of an incipient organization with its multicultural feature and interorganisational contacts with the City of Helsinki and other cooperation partners. It is also well known as an intermediary body between members of minority groups and the majority population, as well as between non-governmental organisations and local authorities. (Salmenhaara and Saksela 2004:37) Furthermore, the main function of CAISA has been described as CAISA has a key intermediating function as a bridge-builder between ethnic groups and the majority population. By offering meeting places and activities, it promotes the development of a richer and more multicultural Helsinki. (Salmenhaara and Saksela 2004:41) Also the Norwegian report points to similar features: From the outset, BIKS was meant to be a place where “inhabitants of Bergen may come together in cross-cultural activities”. BIKS cooperates with individuals as well as organizations and institutions. […] BIKS is the main venue for internationally oriented or cross-cultural activities in Bergen. One important aspect of BIKS is that one does not need to be a member of any organization in order to participate in the activities there. (Melve 2004:43) In comparison, the main concern in all of these incipient organizations or social structures proves to be preservation of diversity. Basically, this refers to both the diversity of individual identities and collective belongings. However, the Estonian 4 Nørre Allé Medborgerhus, Executive Board’s Action Plan 2002 (my translation from Danish). 59
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EU RESEARCH ON SOCIAL SCIENCES AND
Page 3 and 4:
EUROPEAN COMMISSION EU RESEARCH ON
Page 5 and 6:
Preface Within the Fifth Community
Page 7 and 8: Table of contents Preface v Aknowle
Page 9 and 10: Aknowledgements On behalf of the Un
Page 11 and 12: The above statement should be regar
Page 13 and 14: meticulously addressing the citizen
Page 15 and 16: contexts. Policy responses to socia
Page 17 and 18: findings could only include certain
Page 19 and 20: the one hand and between participat
Page 21 and 22: collected during the country studie
Page 23 and 24: ● which existing national and int
Page 25 and 26: Table 1. The Countries and Groups u
Page 27 and 28: III. SCIENTIFIC DESCRIPTION OF PROJ
Page 29 and 30: The designs of the three research t
Page 31 and 32: diverse society. In other words, th
Page 33 and 34: citizenships (e.g. new problems, ne
Page 35 and 36: enefits in the state. 1 A claim of
Page 37 and 38: These anomalies require supplement
Page 39 and 40: Table 2. Notions of the Citizen in
Page 41 and 42: The dimensions that Glocalmig focus
Page 43 and 44: spheres of interaction, meaning, an
Page 45 and 46: Residence, Permanent Residence, Mat
Page 47 and 48: The major objection to a comparison
Page 49 and 50: Table 3. Measurement and Scaling Mo
Page 51 and 52: and individuals within the new cont
Page 53 and 54: the future. In this sense, the data
Page 55 and 56: 3) Acceptance, cooperation, and sym
Page 57: integration and intercultural learn
Page 61 and 62: It seems that a lot of the explanat
Page 63 and 64: The absence of some categories in s
Page 65 and 66: In order to provide a conceptual st
Page 67 and 68: 2.2.4. Multidimensional belongings
Page 69 and 70: 1. Variable Principal Normalization
Page 71 and 72: Dimension 5: European-territorial b
Page 73 and 74: territories. This is an alignment b
Page 75 and 76: voice and influence - national spac
Page 77 and 78: Figure 7. Participation in Essentia
Page 79 and 80: Figure 9. Respondents’ Geographic
Page 81 and 82: 2.2.7. Mobility of Minds - Psychic/
Page 83 and 84: section is whether the degree of ge
Page 85 and 86: On the other hand, increased “cro
Page 87 and 88: Table 12. Alignments/Misalignments
Page 89 and 90: extra-territorials are the most con
Page 91 and 92: characteristics (belonging, partici
Page 93 and 94: Concerning “alignments and misali
Page 95 and 96: 2.3.3. Spatial and mental mobility
Page 97 and 98: Table 16. Explanatory Powers of the
Page 99 and 100: Figure 12. Three Predictive Models
Page 101 and 102: separates between essentialized spa
Page 103 and 104: Fig. 14 illustrates the most import
Page 105 and 106: country methods, especially in the
Page 107 and 108: language skills, and organizational
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is being created in these sites. Th
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V. DISSEMINATION AND EXPLOITATION O
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York-based publisher, Edwin Mellen
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2003 Radical Transnationalism and T
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Scientific report submitted to the
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2. Dissemination by the Austrian Ac
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Towards a political theory of migra
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Teaching 2004 summer term: Course a
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4. Dissemination by the Estonian In
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6. Dissemination by the Central Eur
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VI. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.
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Calhoun, Craig 1997, Nationalism. B
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Horowitz, Donald L. 1985, Ethnic Gr
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Ragin, Charles 1991, “The Problem
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Taylor, Charles 1992, “Multicultu
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European Commission EUR 23143 — E
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KI-NA-23143-EN-N
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