Guidelines for the use of GNSS in surveying and mapping
Guidelines for the use of GNSS in surveying and mapping
Guidelines for the use of GNSS in surveying and mapping
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Table D2: Survey methods – dynamic surveys<br />
Survey method Typical recommended application Precision, basel<strong>in</strong>e length <strong>and</strong><br />
suggested occupation time<br />
High-Precision STATIC<br />
(5–10mm) a National/<strong>in</strong>ternational networks <strong>and</strong> reference frame survey<br />
Geodetic surveys to establish trans<strong>for</strong>mation parameters<br />
Crustal/tectonic plate monitor<strong>in</strong>g surveys<br />
L<strong>and</strong> survey<strong>in</strong>g, high-order control surveys<br />
Civil eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, high-order control stations<br />
Photogrammetry, high-order ground control<br />
Remote sens<strong>in</strong>g, high-order ground control<br />
De<strong>for</strong>mation studies, sea-level <strong>and</strong> tidal monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Atmospheric monitor<strong>in</strong>g studies<br />
Dual-frequency receivers<br />
H 5mm + 1ppm<br />
V 10mm + 1ppm<br />
B 20km <strong>for</strong> at least 1 hour<br />
30km <strong>for</strong> at least 2 hours<br />
50km <strong>for</strong> at least 4 hours<br />
100km <strong>for</strong> at least 6 hours<br />
Medium-Precision STATIC<br />
(10–60mm)<br />
L<strong>and</strong> survey<strong>in</strong>g, low-order control surveys<br />
Photogrammetry, photo control po<strong>in</strong>ts<br />
Civil eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g low-order control<br />
High-order topographical pr<strong>of</strong>iles<br />
D<strong>GNSS</strong> or k<strong>in</strong>ematic <strong>GNSS</strong> reference station position<strong>in</strong>g<br />
L<strong>and</strong> survey<strong>in</strong>g, high-order detail<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> position<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Dual-frequency receivers<br />
H 10mm + 1ppm<br />
V 20mm + 1ppm<br />
B 20km <strong>for</strong> 20 m<strong>in</strong>utes<br />
30km <strong>for</strong> 40 m<strong>in</strong>utes<br />
40km <strong>for</strong> 60 m<strong>in</strong>utes<br />
(network RTK us<strong>in</strong>g at least 2 sets <strong>of</strong><br />
3-m<strong>in</strong>ute observations separated by at<br />
least 20 m<strong>in</strong>utes can give H=10–20 mm<br />
<strong>and</strong> V= 15–30 mm)<br />
Low-Precision STATIC<br />
(0.1–10m)<br />
Temporary D<strong>GNSS</strong> reference <strong>for</strong> monitor station position<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Asset position<strong>in</strong>g, at <strong>the</strong> 3m level<br />
Absolute WGS 84 determ<strong>in</strong>ation<br />
Autonomous receiver<br />
H 10m <strong>for</strong> 10 m<strong>in</strong>utes<br />
3m <strong>for</strong> 3 hours<br />
0.3m <strong>for</strong> 3 days+<br />
V twice value <strong>for</strong> H<br />
High-Precision DYNAMIC Cadastral surveys<br />
L<strong>and</strong> seismic<br />
Topographic mapp<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Structural monitor<strong>in</strong>g<br />
Civil eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g, volumetric survey, area surveys<br />
Photogrammetry, camera position<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> photo control<br />
Dual-frequency receivers<br />
H 10mm + 2ppm<br />
V 20mm + 2ppm<br />
B (after <strong>in</strong>itialisation period)<br />
1km <strong>for</strong> 5 seconds<br />
12 | GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF <strong>GNSS</strong> IN LAND SURVEYING AND MAPPING
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