Guidelines for the use of GNSS in surveying and mapping

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Introduction This guidance note has been produced to provide surveyors and their clients with guidelines for the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) in land surveying. The first edition of these guidelines referred to (Global Positioning Systems) GPS, which at the time was the only constellation in operation and available to surveyors. This edition uses the term GNSS throughout, to reflect the fact that there is now more than one satellite navigation system constellation available and that there are GNSS receivers on the market that can use data from multiple constellations. This document has been written primarily with two goals in mind: + to provide the surveyor with a set of practical operational guidelines, which can be used when undertaking any survey that includes GNSS techniques. Sufficient information is also included to allow the surveyor to generate a set of GNSS survey procedures applicable to a survey task required by the client + to provide the client, or purchaser of spatial information generated from a GNSS survey, with sufficient information to write a task specific specification for a GNSS survey which sets out the accuracy requirements, products and a scope of work, from which the surveyor can accurately produce a bid for the survey. It is seldom the case that a survey will comprise GNSS techniques alone. This guidance note should be used with the appropriate client specification guidelines document for the scale of the survey. For example, a 1:500 topographic survey of a 5km pipeline route can be specified with the RICS document Surveys of Land, Buildings and Utility Services at Scales of 1:500 and Larger; it should be noted that this specification will be superceded by Measured Surveys of Land, Buildings and Utilities in 2010/11. These guidelines should then be used in conjunction to provide best practice information on the particular aspects of the survey reliant upon GNSS techniques. Surveyors may also find it useful to refer to the MAPPP client guide on GPS, ‘Virtually right – networked GPS’, available at www.rics.org/mappp and in the case of surveyors in Great Britain, the information on the GB National GNSS Network, available at www.gps.gov.uk In addition to the above purposes, these guidelines can be used as a general reference document and as a practical ‘operational handbook’, to supplement other more academic texts on GNSS surveying. The guidance note is divided into two parts. Part 1 serves as a summary of the important criteria that should be considered in GNSS surveying and can be read quickly to grasp the fundamental concepts and issues related to GNSS surveys. It includes summary information and actual guidelines for best practice. Part 2 is a technical explanation which develops the themes of Part 1 in a more formal context. This is primarily intended for surveyors and clients who wish to understand some GNSS theory and the technical reasons behind the good practice guidelines. The guidelines adopt a standard nomenclature for the many terms that are found in GNSS surveying. As GNSS survey techniques have developed over time, the manufacturers, universities undertaking research and individuals involved have all adopted different and sometimes confusing terms. In particular, standard terms for survey methods have been adopted. A glossary of the technical terms is provided at the end of the document. These survey guidelines are concerned with the land survey applications of GNSS, and do not attempt to cover specific hydrographic or aerial positioning requirements. With the rapidly advancing technological edge of GNSS surveying, not all aspects of current research and development can be covered by these guidelines. Most GNSS surveying products commercially available at the time of publication are covered within this edition. GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF GNSS IN LAND SURVEYING AND MAPPING |3
Part 1 – Guidelines 1 The role of GNSS in surveying 5 1.1 GNSS in perspective 5 1.2 Survey types 6 1.3 Survey methods 6 Tables 8 A Control survey guidelines 8 B Detail survey guidelines 9 C Positioning guidelines 10 D1 Survey methods – static surveys 11 D2 Survey methods – dynamic surveys 12 D3 Survey methods – dynamic real-time surveys 13 2 GNSS survey documentation 15 2.1 Client specifications 15 2.2 Surveyor’s procedures 16 3 GNSS survey operations 17 3.1 Planning 17 3.2 Fieldwork and observations 17 3.3 Data processing 17 3.4 Co-ordinate systems 17 3.5 Reporting 17 3.6 Essential considerations for GNSS surveys 17 Tables 18 F Planning 18 G Fieldwork and observations 19 H Data processing 20 I Co-ordinate systems 21 J Reporting 22 K1 Atmospheric refraction – ionosphere and troposphere problems 24 K2 Multipath 25 K3 Interference 26 K4 Other matters 27 4|GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF GNSS IN LAND SURVEYING AND MAPPING
Page 1 and 2: GN 13/2010 RICS Practice Standards,
Page 3 and 4: Published by the Royal Institution
Page 5 and 6: Appendices 59 A GNSS verification,
Page 7: Preface This second edition of the
Page 11 and 12: applications which are unsuitable f
Page 13 and 14: Table A: Control survey guidelines
Page 15 and 16: Table C: Positioning guidelines Gui
Page 17 and 18: Table D2: Survey methods - dynamic
Page 19 and 20: Table D3: Survey methods - dynamic
Page 21 and 22: 2.2 Surveyor’s procedures The sur
Page 23 and 24: Table F: Planning Guideline Explana
Page 25 and 26: Table H: Data processing Guideline
Page 27 and 28: Table 3.5: Reporting Guideline Expl
Page 29 and 30: Table K1: Atmospheric refraction -
Page 31 and 32: Table K3: Interference Consideratio
Page 33 and 34: Part2-Technical commentary 4 GNSS s
Page 35 and 36: Although these observables have dif
Page 37 and 38: Historically, single-frequency stat
Page 39 and 40: 4.4 Real-time dynamic surveys With
Page 41 and 42: 5 Operational considerations Sectio
Page 43 and 44: Errors in the troposphere which are
Page 45 and 46: In addition, phase centre variation
Page 47 and 48: 6 Co-ordinate reference frames or s
Page 49 and 50: particular country’s geodetic ref
Page 51 and 52: 6.3.2 Transformations from ITRS89 e
Page 53 and 54: 6.3.5 Co-ordinate transformation is
Page 55 and 56: eceivers are observing at the same
Page 57 and 58: The field procedures adopted should
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7.4.4 System initialisation Operati
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aw data. Advanced processing strate
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values with their computed precisio
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Appendix B: Information on receiver
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The following general information s
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Appendix E: Sample procedures relat
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tracking had been maintained. The i
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GPS (Global Positioning System) The
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or as the corrections that would be
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Simultaneous measurements Measureme
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Checklists for GNSS survey specific
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76 | GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF GNSS
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