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Table 4 (cont'd) +Map Symbol Genetic Morphologic Modifier (placed behind genetic category) Textural Modifier ++ Soils : (placed in front of genetic category) * soils influenced by cryoturbation M - morainal p - plain e - eroded G - glaciofluvial b - beach f - fan L - lacustrine r - ridged m - rolling A - alluvial v - veneer j - jointed ( 11 .5m thick) C - colluvial g - ice gouged t - terraced E - eolian x - complex R - bedrock Superscripts s - striated P - earthflow (i .e ., flutings) shallow slope 1 (S 5 ° ) S - slump d - drumlinoid steep slope 2 0 - organic c - channelled (>5 ° < 15°) h - hummocky g - gravel and/or sand N .B .- all Gleysols have a peaty surface layer and are s - sand associated with a small amount of organic soils . s i - silt - soils developed on bedrock areas have the lithic c - clay contact from 10 to 50 cm below the mineral surface . r - rocks and rubble b - boulders t p - till - peat f - fen Vegetation : species abbreviation bS - black spruce (Picea mariana ) wS - white spruce (Picea lg auca ) wB - white birch ( Betula neoalaskana ) Bi - dwarf birch ( Betula glandulosa ) k - kettled thermokarst tL - tamarack ( Larix laricina ) Wi - willow ( Salix sp .) N .B . - commas used between textural modifiers for distinct lithologies : e .g . t, g, siMp - mostly till with some minor sand and/or gravel Al - alder ( Alnus sp .) and silt lenses . to - trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) - one textural modifier signifies the dominant material . - slope is normally )15 ° in Cx units . bPo - balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera ) Sedge - Carex sp . Cottongrass - Eriophorum sp . Description of mapping units, parent material and topography compiled by Geological Survey of Canada . Lichen - Cladonia sp ., Cetrarfa op . Sphagnum - Sphagnum sp . Er - Ericaceae ( Ledum , Chnmaedaphne , Ralmia , etc .) Fm - P Feathermosses - Pine - Pinus banksiana and Pinus contorts var . latifolia
- 27 - 8 . DESCRIPTION OF SOILS 8 .1 . Organic Soils 8 .1.1 . Peat Materials In the Mackenzie River area organic soils are associated with two peatland types : fens and bogs . A further subdivision of these peatlands was worked out by Tarnocai (1970) and Lavkulich (1972) . The peat materials constituting these two peatlands show differences in their botanical origin, physical and chemical characteristics and ice content . The following peat materials were identified during the study : A . Forest Peat This type of peat material usually develops on slightly better drained sites of transitional bogs and well to imperfectly drained bogs (Tarnocai, 1970) . This peat is derived primarily from black spruce feathermoss-Ledum , black spruce-Cladonia-Ledum , and black sprucetamarack-Carex types of vegetation . The forest peat is usually moderately decomposed (mesic), has a very dark brown to dark reddishbrown matrix, has an amorphous to very fine-fibered structure and may have a somewhat layered macro-structure . The material is non-sticky to slightly sticky and is interspersed with a random distribution of coarse to medium-sized woody fragments or particles of black spruce, tamarack and Ledum or other ericaceous shrubs, roots, stems and needles or leaves . The moss component is also important and is derived from the feathermoss group (Ptilium crista-castrensis , Dicranum rugosum , Pleurozium shrebery , and Hylocomium s plendens ) . On the dryer, perennially frozen peatland types', lichens (Cladonia sp .) become dominant and the resultant peat material is dark brown to black
Page 2 and 3: SOILS OF THE MACKENZIE RIVER AREA b
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 . SUMMARY . . .
Page 6 and 7: TABLES Table 1 Page Mean monthly te
Page 8 and 9: Page Plate 6 A . Non-sorted stripes
Page 10 and 11: 1 . SUMMARY Soils were examined in
Page 12 and 13: soils . Soils were classified accor
Page 14 and 15: 4 . STUDY AREA 4 .1 . Location The
Page 16 and 17: Be aufort 70 135- Sea 65 - 135- -ST
Page 18 and 19: - 10 - (Brown, 1965) having an insi
Page 20: 6 . CLIMATICALLY SIGNIFICANT ECOLOG
Page 23 and 24: Except under shallow lakes and pond
Page 25 and 26: soils are found on all poorly drain
Page 27 and 28: Table 3 Summary of Description of Z
Page 29 and 30: 7 . DISTRIBUTION OF SOILS The distr
Page 31 and 32: 1 Table 4 (cont'd) Map Symbol+ Name
Page 33: I Table 4 (cont'd) Map Name Parent
Page 37 and 38: - 29 - C . Fen Peat This type of pe
Page 39 and 40: - 31 - Table 5 . Rate of Accumulati
Page 41 and 42: - 3 3 - tiers (see The System of So
Page 43 and 44: - 3 5 - Profile T5A Cryic Mesisol (
Page 45 and 46: - 37 - PATTERNED FEN Landform ô N
Page 47 and 48: _3g_ Plate 2 A . Peat polygons, sit
Page 49 and 50: A . Vegetation on a peat polygon, s
Page 51 and 52: - 4 3 - content, especially the Ca
Page 53 and 54: - 4 5 - Ice Content % On A Volume B
Page 55 and 56: - 4 7 - crystals and thin vein ice
Page 57 and 58: - 4 9 - Collapse Scar I Peat Platea
Page 59 and 60: Vegetation : Soil Landform= Black S
Page 61 and 62: -53- the other hand, the peat occur
Page 63 and 64: 40 A . Core sample of perennially f
Page 65 and 66: - 57- ice lenses and vein ice up to
Page 67 and 68: - 59- Bt- 10 to 23 cm, dark yellowi
Page 69 and 70: moderately sloping topography ; on
Page 71 and 72: - 6 3 - plains, glacio-fluvial plai
Page 73 and 74: - 6 5 - Profile R 166 Cryic Orthic
Page 75 and 76: cm 100r Vegetation : Lichen -Voccin
Page 77 and 78: - 69- Alpine Eutric Brunisol These
Page 79 and 80: Vegetation Ericaceous - Lichen - Mo
Page 81 and 82: - 7 3 - expressed (Ae) eluvial hori
Page 83 and 84: - 75 - Profile ZT16 Cryic Orthic Dy
Page 85 and 86:
Vegetation Lichen - Voccinium - Car
Page 87 and 88:
_ 79 _ Plate 9 A . Cryoturbed Cryic
Page 89 and 90:
Topography : Brunisols developed on
Page 91 and 92:
- 83 - C . rangiferina), feather mo
Page 93 and 94:
- 85- air voids due to frost action
Page 95 and 96:
. -87- Profile B70B Lithic Orthic R
Page 97 and 98:
- 89- Rego Gleysol These soils have
Page 99 and 100:
_ 91 _ 8 .2 .2 . Ice Content of Min
Page 101 and 102:
- 9 3 - Another site was sampled on
Page 103 and 104:
-95- The chemical composition of th
Page 105 and 106:
- 9 7 - physical and chemical chara
Page 107 and 108:
- 9 9 - 10 . IMPLICATIONS AND RECOM
Page 109 and 110:
c . Very little information is avai
Page 111 and 112:
- 103 - 11 . REFERENCES 1 . Atkinso
Page 113 and 114:
- 105 - 24 . Pounder, E .R . 1965 .
Page 115 and 116:
Appendix I : Table 1 . Analysis of
Page 117 and 118:
Appendix I " Table 3 . Analysis of
Page 119 and 120:
I r N Appendix I : Table 5 . Analys
Page 121 and 122:
Appendix I " Table 7 . Analysis of
Page 123 and 124:
Page 125 and 126:
Appendix I : Table It . Analysis of
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix I : Table 21, Analysis of
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Appendix II . Analysis of Water Sam
Page 143:
- 136 - Appendix III . (con't .) Si
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