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12 1. Introduction A common issue for Earth observing instruments, known as striping effect have persisted for more then 30 years, i.e, since the launch of Landsat 1. It was since reported on many imaging spectrometers : - Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) - Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) - Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) - Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) - Compact High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (CHRIS) - HYPERION - MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) - Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) - GLobal Imager (GLI) - Advanced Land Imager (ALI) The previous list inludes both whiskbroom and pushbroom sensors which are the two main techniques used for Earth observation. Whiskbroom instruments, also known as cross-track scanners acquire a series of lines in the direction perpendicular to the satellite orbital motion. A scan sweep from one side of the swath to the other is ensured by a continuously rotating mirror. A limited set of detectors, sensitive to spectific wavelenghts, then captures the radiation emitted or reflected by the Earth before its convertion into digital numbers. Pushbroom sensors (along-track scanners) also exploit the orbital motion of the platform to generate the second dimension of the acquired signal. They differ from the whiskbroom design in that the rotating mirror is replaced by a linear array of numerous detectors that capture simultaneously each pixel of a single scan line. In both acquisition principles, images are formed by enterlacing or concatanating scan lines, acquired separately by different detectors. Consequently, the imperfect calibration of individual detectors induces a sharp pattern across or along the scanning direction that compromises both visual interpretation and quantitative analysis. More specifically, striping is disturbingly visible over low-radiance homogeneous regions, which often coincide with oceanographic areas. In fact, the impact of stripe noise on satellite derived geophysical variables, including ocean color products, is increasingly attracting the interest of remote sensing research groups. Although an extensive litterature has tackled the striping issue, existing techniques are often not able to satisfie the requirements imposed by several remote sensing applications namely, complete stripe removal without signal distortion or additional post-processing artifacts. The goal of this thesis is to analyse the limitations of standard destriping methods and to explore the issue of stripe noise removal using variational models. We illustrate the
13 results of our work using data from NASA’s MODIS instrument. Our focus on the MODIS sensor is justified by 1) the complexity and amplitude of stripe noise visible on its emissive bands and 2) the importance of MODIS data in variety of remote sensing disciplines This thesis is organised as follows : Chapter 1 briefly exposes main aspects and constraints of ocean color remote sensing. This chapter also describes the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) and characterises the striping effect on MODIS products. Chapter 2 constitutes a non exaustive state-of-the-art of the destriping litterature. Several approaches are described and illustrated on MODIS data. Experimental results and comparative study are presented at the end of the chapter. The limitations of existing techniques are analysed and used as a basis to define the requirements of an optimal destriping. Chapter 3 is the main contribution of this work. After an overview of variational methods for image processing applications, we explore Rudin, Osher and Fatemi total variation model. Yves Meyers variational models for oscillatory paterns, are used in an attempt to extract stripe noise as a texture component. Our exploration of the striping issue from a variational angle eventually comes down to a unidirectional variation based regularizing model able to efficiently remove all the stripe noise without signal distortion. Chapter 4 present an application that beneficits from the developed destriping technique. We propose a new approache to restore Aqua MODIS band 6 based on non-local filters and spectral similarity.
Page 1: École Doctorale d’Informatique,
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- Alaska Labrador Siberia Restorati
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128 Conclusion
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130 BIBLIOGRAPHIE A. Chambolle. An
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132 BIBLIOGRAPHIE E. Hochberg, S. A
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134 BIBLIOGRAPHIE P. Perona and J.
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