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32 2. Remote Sensing with MODIS Figure 2.11 – Four Focal Plane Assemblies composed of detector arrays Solar Diffuser Stability Monitor Due to extended exposure to sun radiation during the mission, the solar diffuser can be subject to a progressive deterioration that translates as slight variations in its bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF). Such degradation can impact the radiometric calibration of the sensor and is monitored independently with the solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM). Deviations of the SD response can be deduced by comparing measurements from its solar-illumated surface with measurements obtained directly from the sun. This is done with a spherical integrating source (SIS) composed of nine filtered detectors that succcessively view the SD, a dark scene (space view) and the sun. Spectral Radiometric Calibration Assembly The Spectral Radiometric Calibration Assembly (SRCA) provides on orbit radiometric, spectral and spatial calibration without interfering with the sensor current acquisition. An integrating sphere with four lamps directs light on a toroidal relay mirror that reflects it towards a Czerny-Turner monochromator. A grating/mirror assembly then points the monocromatic light into the VIS, NIR and SWIR bands to evaluate spectral response deviations. Radiometric response is evaluated when the entrance and exit aperture of the SRCA are open and a mirror replaces the grating. The SRCA integrating sphere provides six-level radiometric sources used for the radiometric calibration of the reflective bands. Band-to-Band spatial registration is achieved with reticule patterns placed at the exit of the monochromator and projected into MODIS optical system.
33 Blackbody : The calibration of MODIS emissive bands is achieved with the Blackbody, a component with zero reflectivity and an effective emissivity above 0.992. The temperature of the Blackbody is determined with a precision of ±0.1 K and is measured with twelve thermistors. For every scan line (1.47s), a two-point calibration of the thermal bands is achieved with the scan mirror successively viewing space and the blackbody. 2.5.4 MODIS products The generation of MODIS products from instrument raw data is done at NASA’s DAAC (Distributed Active Archive Center). The distribution of the products is then ensured by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the United States Geological Survey’s (USGS) EROS Data Center and the NOOA’s National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). MODIS products are organized in three levels. Level 1A products are composed of digital counts and data related to spacecraft and instrument telemetry. L1A data is processed at the EOS Data and Operations Systems (EDOS), then stored in 5-min granules containing all necessary information for further geolocation and calibration. Level 1B products are deduced from L1A and correspond to Top of the Atmosphere (TOA) calibrated radiances. Level 2 products result from the application of atmospheric correction and bio-optical algorithms to L1B data. L2 data represents geolocated geophysical variables. Level 3 products correspond to spatially binned L2 data accumulated during a time period of one day, 3 days, 8 days, a mounth or an entire year. L3 data are mapped in an Equidistant Cylindrical Projection grid of the earth and available at resolutions of 4 km and 9 km. MODIS geophysical products belong to four major disciplines, Ocean, Land, Atmosphere and Cryosphere (Table 2.2). 2.5.5 Stripe noise on MODIS The analysis of MODIS level 1B data derived from reflective and emmissive bands reveals the presence of striping with slightly different aspects. [Gumley, 2002] was the first to point out that three types of stripes can actually be seen on MODIS (figure 2.12). Mirror side stripes (mirror banding) affects most reflective bands and some emissive bands located below the MWIR range. However, they are visible only over bright targets. Mirror banding appears to be the result of a quasi constant offset between forward and backward scans (we recall that MODIS scanning mirror is double sided) and is systematically located in regions displaying radiance values high enough to bring the sensor close to its saturation
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130 BIBLIOGRAPHIE A. Chambolle. An
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132 BIBLIOGRAPHIE E. Hochberg, S. A
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134 BIBLIOGRAPHIE P. Perona and J.
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