RACE AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF DRUG DELIVERY LAWS IN ...

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Deibert, Ryan J., Gary Goldbaum, Theodore R. Parker, Holly Hagan, Robert Marks, Michael Hanrahan, and Hanna Thiede. 2006. “Increased Access to Unrestricted Pharmacy Sales of Syringes in Seattle-King County, Washington: Structural and Individual-level Changes, 1996 versus 2003.” American Journal of Public Health 96, no. 8:1347-1353. Donziger, Steven R., ed. 1996. The Real War on Crime: The Report of the National Crime Commission. New York: HarperPerennial. Duster, Troy. 1997. “Pattern, Purpose and Race in the Drug War.” In Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Ed Craig Reinarman and Harry G. Levine, 260-87. Berkeley: University of California Press. Eckholm, Erik. 2008. “Racial Disparities Found to Persist as Drug Arrests Rise.” New York Times, May 8, 2008. Engel, Robin Shepard and Jennifer Calnon. 2004. “Comparing Benchmark Methodologies for Police-Citizen Contacts.” Police Quarterly 7, no. 1: 97-125. Faupel, Charles E. and Carl B. Klockars. 1990. “Drugs-Crime Connections: Elaborations from the Life Histories of Hard-Core Heroin Addicts.” Chapter 25 in Criminal Behavior: Text and Readings in Criminology. 2 nd edition. Ed Delos H. Kelly. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Friedman, Samuel R., Tim F. Chapman, Theresa E. Perlis, Russell Rockwell, Denise Paone, Jo L. Sotheran, and Don C. Des Jarlais. 1999. “Similarities and Differences by Race/Ethnicity in Changes of HIV Seroprevalence and Related Behaviors Among Drug Injectors in New York City, 1991–1996.” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 22, no. 1 (September):82-91. Garland, David, ed. 2001. Mass Imprisonment: Its Causes and Consequences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. Goode, Erich. 2002. “Drug Arrests at the Millennium.” Society 39, 5 (259): 41-5. Hagan, John and Juleigh Petty Coleman. 2001. “Returning Captives of the American War on Drugs: Issues of Community and Family Re-entry.” Crime and Delinquency 47, no. 3):352-367. 103
Hagedorn, John M. 1994. “Homeboys, Dope Fiends, Legits, and New Jacks.” Criminology 32, no. 2:197-219. Huizinga, David, Terence P. Thornberry, Kelly E. Knight, Peter J. Lovegrove, Rolf Loeber, Karl Hill, and David P. Farrington. 2006. Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Juvenile Justice System: A Study of Differential Minority Arrest/ Referral to Court in Three Cities. (A Report to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention). Human Rights Watch. 2008. Targeting Blacks: Drug Law Enforcement and Race in the United States. New York: Human Rights Watch. Hunt, Dana E. 1990. “Drugs and Consensual Crimes: Drug Dealing and Prostitution.” In Volume 13 of Drugs and Crime, ed Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson.. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Jick, Todd D. 1979. “Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action.” Administrative Science Quarterly 24, no. 4:602-22. Kent, Jim ed. 2003. 2003 HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Profile For Community Planning. Public Health - Seattle and King County. King, Ryan S. 2008. Disparity by Geography: The War on Drugs in America’s Cities. Washington DC: The Sentencing Project. Klement, Tal and Elizabeth Siggins. 2001. A Window of Opportunity: Addressing the Complexities of the Relationship between Drug Enforcement and Racial Disparity in Seattle. http://www.defender.org/racial-disparity.html. Lee, L.M. and T.T. Sharpe. 2003. “HIV Diagnosis among Injection Drug Users in States with HIV Surveillance. MMWR 52:634-6. Liptak, Adam. 2008. “Inmate Count in U.S. Dwarfs Other Nations.” New York Times, April 23, 2008: A1. Lovrich, Nicholas, Michael Gaffney, Clay Mosher, Mitchell Pickerill, and Michael Smith. 2003. WSP Traffic Stop Data Analysis Project: Data Analysis Project Report. http://www.wsp.wa.gov/reports/wsptraff.pdf. 104
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RACE AND DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT IN SE
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This report was commissioned as par
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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES PAGE TAB
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Figure 9. Purposeful Seattle Drug D
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SUMMARY OF KEY FINDINGS FINDING 1 T
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FINDING 4 The focus on crack cocain
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INTRODUCTION Less than 5 percent of
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RACIAL DISPARITIES IN SEATTLE DRUG
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Table 1. Black and White Drug Arres
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esearchers found that rates of drug
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RESEARCH DESIGN AND ORGANIZATION OF
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serious drugs in Seattle are white.
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users: “Persons at almost all lev
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as the goal is to provide samples o
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percent of white Seattle residents,
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acial/ethnic groups. These data ind
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When approaching clients, surveyors
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youth. However, these surveys likel
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80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
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or partially publicly-funded treatm
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Primary Drug of Abuse Cocaine (all
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system at the time of their death w
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did not transfer drugs to the buyer
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Insofar as many drug users knowingl
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the person who provided these subst
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Table 7. Racial and Ethnic Composit
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Table 8. Summary of Data Pertaining
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ut only 89 for methamphetamine, ecs
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time. 87 As noted previously, this
Page 61 and 62: Drug delivery arrests continue to b
Page 63 and 64: In sum, many of the arrest patterns
Page 65 and 66: Table 10. Racial Disparity in Drug
Page 68 and 69: PART III: EXPLAINING RACIAL DISPARI
Page 70 and 71: that a higher percentage of whites
Page 72 and 73: After clients had completed their s
Page 74 and 75: Table 13. Racial and Ethnic Composi
Page 76 and 77: whites engaging in the same behavio
Page 78 and 79: Analysis of the patterns found in t
Page 80 and 81: Table 16. Statistical Significance
Page 82 and 83: In sum, the evidence shows that rac
Page 84 and 85: those delivering drugs downtown wer
Page 86 and 87: for delivering a serious drug in Se
Page 88 and 89: to danger, instantaneous addiction
Page 90 and 91: 9.6 percent primarily abused other
Page 92 and 93: percent of those delivering drugs d
Page 94 and 95: officers made a drug arrest, issued
Page 96 and 97: Figure 18. Geographic Distribution
Page 98 and 99: Figure 20. Geographic Distribution
Page 100 and 101: As these maps illustrate, civilian
Page 102 and 103: and infant health by crack cocaine
Page 104 and 105: Although the crack trade has been a
Page 106: Weapons were more likely to be seiz
Page 109 and 110: supports an alternative explanation
Page 111: Buckman, Charles, and John Lamberth
Page 115 and 116: Murphy, Sheigla and Dan Waldorf. 19
Page 117 and 118: Ritter, Alison. 2005. A Review of A
Page 119 and 120: United Nations International Drug C
Page 121 and 122: APPENDIX B: UNRELIABLE 9-1-1 CALL E
Page 123 and 124: Complaint: Arrival: Officer Update:
Page 126: ABOUT THE AUTHOR Katherine Beckett
Page 130: THE DEFENDER ASSOCIATION
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