Electromagnetic Testing

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Resistance Resistance is an opposition to the flow of electrons and is measured in ohms. Ohm's Law is stated by the equation: E = IR Where: I = Current in Ampere A R = Resistance in Ohm Ω E = Electrical potential difference in volt V The resistance of a coil is determined primarily by the length of wire used to wind the coil; its specific resistance is determined by the type of wire (e.g., copper, silver) and the cross-sectional area of the wire. Resistance = (Specific resistance X Length) / Area Resistance = Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Thus, the resistance of a 10 ft length of 40 gage copper wire with a specific resistance of 10.4 circular-mil-foot at 20ºC would be found as follows: R = (10.4 X 10) / 9.888 = 10.518 ohm. In an alternating current circuit containing only resistance, the current and voltage are in phase. In phase means the current and voltage reach their minimum and maximum values, respectively, at the same time. The power dissipated in a resistive circuit appears :in the form of heat. For example, electric toasters are equipped with resistance wires that become hot when current flows through them, providing a heat source for toasting bread. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Electromagnetic Testing Study Guide
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E&P Applications Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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乱七八糟 - 随看随记 C
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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IVONA TTS Capable. Charlie Chong/ F
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EDDY CURRENT an Overview Descriptio
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Tangential Probe Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Electromagnetic Testing Advantages
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Factors Affecting Eddy Current Resp
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from this it can be seen that depth
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http://www.eng.morgan.edu/~hubert/I
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Robotic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Measurement Techniques (EN!) a) Abs
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Figure 1.1 Arago’s Experiment Cha
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Oersted discovered the presence of
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Figure 1.3: Induced current electro
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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The law of physics describing the p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://hy
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Magnetic Force The magnetic field B
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Generation of Eddy Currents When a
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Factors Affecting Inductance There
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COIL LENGTH: All other factors bein
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Coil Inductance L An approximation
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Note the direction of the primary c
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Generation of Eddy Current With a p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Permeabil
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A Dual Variable inductors Figure 1:
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Figure 3: Here is another inductor
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Figure 4: The two inductors on this
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Grundig radio satellit 750 ■ http
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Figure 1.7: Phasor Diagram of Coil
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Current Density The distribution of
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Relative Magnetic Permeability Perm
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Page 81 and 82: Using 1.35 mm as depth x from surfa
Page 83 and 84: Standard Depth for Different Conduc
Page 85 and 86: Current (?) Lagging Voltage lagging
Page 87 and 88: σº∙πμ■δ∝∞ωΩθ√ρβ
Page 89 and 90: Figure 1.9 should be used as a rela
Page 91 and 92: Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
Page 93 and 94: Q.1.1 Generation of eddy currents d
Page 95 and 96: Q.1.5 Eddy current generated a test
Page 97 and 98: Q.1.9 Refer to Figure1.9 using exam
Page 99 and 100: Chapter 2 The Coil Arrangements Cha
Page 101 and 102: Probe coils and probe coil forms ca
Page 103 and 104: Encircling Coils Encircling coil, o
Page 105 and 106: Discussion Subject; Encircling Coil
Page 107 and 108: Bobbin Coils Bobbin coil, inside di
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.5: Test coil configuration
Page 111 and 112: Differential coils Differential coi
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.6: External reference diff
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.7: Hybrid coil (through tr
Page 117 and 118: Additional Coil Characteristics Coi
Page 119 and 120: Q.2.1 Differential coils are usuall
Page 121 and 122: Q.2.6 An absolute coil measurement
Page 123 and 124: The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 125 and 126: As discussed earlier test coil desi
Page 127: Demonstration model of a moving iro
Page 131 and 132: SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY
Page 133 and 134: Problem: What is the resistance of
Page 135 and 136: The inductance of a multilayer air
Page 137 and 138: Example: A coil whose dimensions ar
Page 139 and 140: Example: Using the 32 μH coil calc
Page 141 and 142: Impedance To explain the addition o
Page 143 and 144: Maximum transfer of power is accomp
Page 145 and 146: Rectangular Notation Because reacta
Page 147 and 148: Vectors With Polar Notations. Stand
Page 149 and 150: Rectangular Notation - Prefix “j
Page 151 and 152: Imaginary Component In “rectangul
Page 153 and 154: Imaginary Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 155 and 156: To convert from rectangular to pola
Page 157 and 158: More Reading on Polar & Rectangular
Page 159 and 160: Eddy current coils with included im
Page 161 and 162: Permeability and Shielding Effects
Page 163 and 164: Another technique of shielding uses
Page 165 and 166: Saturation Approach Another coil de
Page 167 and 168: Figure 3.5: Magnetic bias probe Cha
Page 169 and 170: Materials must be chemically compat
Page 171 and 172: Q.3.1 A coil's resistance is determ
Page 173 and 174: Q.3.7 The Q or merit of a coil is d
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Page 177 and 178: Jackfruit Tree Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Electrical Conductivity σ In elect
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As previously discussed, conductivi
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Figure 4.1; Conductivity curve Char
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The coil's inductive reactance is r
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Effects of Heat Treatment on Conduc
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Permeability Permeability of any ma
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When increases in the magnetizing f
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Skin Effect Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Discussion Subject: Response to the
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Lift Off Electromagnetic coupling b
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Fill factor will always be a number
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Figure 4.4: Fill factor ratios When
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Example: Calculate the resultant lo
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Figure 1.8 is again useful to illus
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noi
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Q.4.4 A (?) prime factor affecting
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Q.4.10 Temperature changes, vibrati
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Test Frequencies It is the responsi
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Single Frequency Systems Unfortunat
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Eddy Current Density Since the sens
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Applicable Scenario Eddy Current De
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Standard Depth δ Formula The depth
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Example 1: As an example of how thi
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Frequency Selection - Ferromagnetic
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A frequency can always selected to
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Figure 5.1(a) shows the effect on p
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Figure 5.1: Effects of frequency ch
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Figure 5.2: Normalized impedance di
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Figure 5.3: Impedance variations ca
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Figure 5.4: Impedance variations ca
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Multiparameter Techniques It become
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Multiparameter Techniques - Multipl
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First, a frequency is selected to g
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More Reading on Characteristic Para
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Figure 1: Eddy Current Testing Char
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Figure 2: Types of Probes Charlie C
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Surface (Pancake) Probes Surface pr
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Encircling Probes Encircling probes
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Design of eddy current probes In mo
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In brief, probe design is usually d
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Analytical Approach (Pc & f g ) Ana
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RECENT TRENDS IN EDDY CURRENT PROBE
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Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (P
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Q.5.4 Calculate the limit frequency
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Q.5.7 Primary resistance is subtrac
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Q5.9 A 25% deep crack open to the n
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Chapter 6 Instrument Systems Charli
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Eddy Current Instrumentation Most o
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Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
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Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Charl
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Figure 6.2: Four types of simple ed
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Figure 6.2(b) shows an impedance br
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Figure 6.2(d) illustrates a balanci
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Eddy current testing - Signal Analy
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Impedance Testing With impedance ma
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Phase Analysis Testing - Vector Poi
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Phase Analysis Testing - Ellipse As
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Figure 6.4: Cathode ray tube displa
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Figure 6.5: Screen image of a linea
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Impedance Plane Testing - Mode of O
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Figure 6.6: Null balance instrument
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Figure 6.7: Typical surface riding
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For deep subsurface crack detection
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Multiple circuits are used througho
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This type of digital instrumentatio
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Read Out Mechanisms - Audio Alarms
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An qualitative meter response could
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Figure 6.13: A qualitative analog m
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Read Out Mechanisms - Cathode Ray T
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Figure 6.14: Numerical readouts/dig
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Read Out Mechanisms - Computer Eddy
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Probe Delivery System Instead of mo
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Chapter 6 Review Questions Charlie
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Q.6.1 Signal preparation is usually
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Q.6.7 Amplitude gates provide a tec
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Chapter 7 Eddy Current Applications
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Discontinuity Detection The theoret
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Heat Exchanger Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Figure 7.2: Phase-to-depth calibrat
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The geometry of real discontinuitie
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Figure 7.5: A multifrequency applic
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Aerospace Applications Charlie Chon
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The reference specimen and its asso
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Dimensional Measurements Dimensiona
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Figure 7.6: A single frequency hard
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Conductivity Measurements Conductiv
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Alloy Sorting Alloy sorting can als
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In addition, it is advisable to hav
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Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Q.7.4 Using multifrequency techniqu
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Q.7.7 Response to multilayer varyin
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Chapter 8 Other Electromagnetic Tec
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Some other technologies that have b
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Alternating current field measureme
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Figure 8.1 shows the basic principl
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ACFM Principle Charlie Chong/ Fion
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ACFM Z X Bx =magnetic flux componen
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The technique in its simplest form
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Prima
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Figure 8.2: Equipment for magnetic
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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The most commonly used inservice in
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Magnetic Saturation Charlie Chong/
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The magnetization curve is not retr
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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Magnetic Flux Leakage The basic pri
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Magnetic Flux
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Special hybrid (driver/pick up) coi
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At distances in excess of two tube
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Figure 8.4: Remote field testing en
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Remote-Field Energy Zones - in remo
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Remote-Field Zone Transition Zone C
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RFT - Flux distribution in pipe (a)
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Remote Field Zone - The third defin
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Amplitude (voltage) - The remote fi
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RFT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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The Remote Field Technique is an el
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Remote Field Eddy Current Technique
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More Reading: RFT Remote Field Test
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These eddy currents, in turn, produ
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The Zones Direct Couple Zone The re
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RFT Probes Probes for inspection of
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RFT Signal Interpretation The signa
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RFT Reference Standards Reference s
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Q.8.4 A generally accepted definiti
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Q.8.8 The region of intense electro
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Chapter 9 Eddy Current Procedures,
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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Military Standard The United States
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EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION OF NONFERRO
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. Probe positioning and feeding sha
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3. Tube Inspection General (Refer t
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F. INSPECTION RESULTS AND DOCUMENTA
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G. REFERENCES The following documen
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Q.9.4 Military Standards are design
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Q.9.10 The system in QA3 is calibra
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More Reading http://www.allaboutcir
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Discussion Subject: discuss on the
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Inspection from the Tube OD Most AS
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Approximately 25 years ago, the AST
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One additional advantage of OD ECT
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The baseline eddy current test The
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There is no standard accept/reject
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Pulsed Eddy Currents Systems Charli
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Although still an active research f
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LOI (Lift-Off point of Intersection
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Gap Point : Similar to the LOI, the
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Driving Coil Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Hall effect sensors In opposition t
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Crack Detection using Pulsed Eddy C
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Fig. 1 (a) ARMANDA - Automated scan
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Fig. 2. Images of the Eddy current
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Reading 2: 4.9.2.3 Pulsed Eddy Curr
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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