Electromagnetic Testing

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Coil receiver: Conventional eddy current probes Conventional eddy current probes use both a coil as the driving and receiving sensor. The reception of the eddy currents is again based on Faraday's induction laws. When a voltage I applied to the driving coil, it creates a magnetic field that induces eddy currents in the tested material. In return, these eddy currents generate an additional magnetic field that interacts with the initial one. A receiving coil picks up the variations of that resulting magnetic field and converts it into a measurable electrical signal. Driving Coil Receiving Coil Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.pecscan.ca/BasicsPECtech.html
Hall effect sensors In opposition to coils which measure variations of a magnetic field, Hall effect sensors allow for the direct measurement of a magnetic field. This difference allows for a better measurement of magnetic fields that do not vary rapidly. GMR sensors Giant Magneto Resistance sensors (GMR sensors) make use of a phenomenon discovered in 1988 and observed in thin film structures composed of alternating ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers, where the electrical resistance of the GMR varies in the presence of a magnetic field. While it does not rely on the same principles, this sensor is equivalent to a Hall sensor in the sense that it also provides a voltage output that is proportional to the magnetic field. GMR sensors Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.pecscan.ca/BasicsPECtech.html
Page 1 and 2:
Electromagnetic Testing Study Guide
Page 3 and 4:
E&P Applications Charlie Chong/ Fio
Page 5 and 6:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 7 and 8:
乱七八糟 - 随看随记 C
Page 9 and 10:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 11 and 12:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
Page 13 and 14:
IVONA TTS Capable. Charlie Chong/ F
Page 15 and 16:
EDDY CURRENT an Overview Descriptio
Page 17 and 18:
Tangential Probe Charlie Chong/ Fio
Page 19 and 20:
Electromagnetic Testing Advantages
Page 21 and 22:
Factors Affecting Eddy Current Resp
Page 23 and 24:
from this it can be seen that depth
Page 25 and 26:
http://www.eng.morgan.edu/~hubert/I
Page 27 and 28:
Robotic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 29 and 30:
Measurement Techniques (EN!) a) Abs
Page 31 and 32:
Figure 1.1 Arago’s Experiment Cha
Page 33 and 34:
Oersted discovered the presence of
Page 35 and 36:
Figure 1.3: Induced current electro
Page 37 and 38:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
Page 39 and 40:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
Page 41 and 42:
The law of physics describing the p
Page 43 and 44:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://hy
Page 45 and 46:
Magnetic Force The magnetic field B
Page 47 and 48:
Generation of Eddy Currents When a
Page 49 and 50:
Factors Affecting Inductance There
Page 51 and 52:
COIL LENGTH: All other factors bein
Page 53 and 54:
Coil Inductance L An approximation
Page 55 and 56:
Note the direction of the primary c
Page 57 and 58:
Generation of Eddy Current With a p
Page 59 and 60:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Permeabil
Page 61 and 62:
A Dual Variable inductors Figure 1:
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 3: Here is another inductor
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 4: The two inductors on this
Page 67 and 68:
Grundig radio satellit 750 ■ http
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 1.7: Phasor Diagram of Coil
Page 71 and 72:
Current Density The distribution of
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
Page 75 and 76:
Relative Magnetic Permeability Perm
Page 77 and 78:
It should be observed at this point
Page 79 and 80:
δ = (π x 100 x 10 3 x 4 x π x 0.
Page 81 and 82:
Using 1.35 mm as depth x from surfa
Page 83 and 84:
Standard Depth for Different Conduc
Page 85 and 86:
Current (?) Lagging Voltage lagging
Page 87 and 88:
σº∙πμ■δ∝∞ωΩθ√ρβ
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 1.9 should be used as a rela
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
Page 93 and 94:
Q.1.1 Generation of eddy currents d
Page 95 and 96:
Q.1.5 Eddy current generated a test
Page 97 and 98:
Q.1.9 Refer to Figure1.9 using exam
Page 99 and 100:
Chapter 2 The Coil Arrangements Cha
Page 101 and 102:
Probe coils and probe coil forms ca
Page 103 and 104:
Encircling Coils Encircling coil, o
Page 105 and 106:
Discussion Subject; Encircling Coil
Page 107 and 108:
Bobbin Coils Bobbin coil, inside di
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 2.5: Test coil configuration
Page 111 and 112:
Differential coils Differential coi
Page 113 and 114:
Figure 2.6: External reference diff
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 2.7: Hybrid coil (through tr
Page 117 and 118:
Additional Coil Characteristics Coi
Page 119 and 120:
Q.2.1 Differential coils are usuall
Page 121 and 122:
Q.2.6 An absolute coil measurement
Page 123 and 124:
The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 125 and 126:
As discussed earlier test coil desi
Page 127 and 128:
Demonstration model of a moving iro
Page 129 and 130:
Thus, the resistance of a 10 ft len
Page 131 and 132:
SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY
Page 133 and 134:
Problem: What is the resistance of
Page 135 and 136:
The inductance of a multilayer air
Page 137 and 138:
Example: A coil whose dimensions ar
Page 139 and 140:
Example: Using the 32 μH coil calc
Page 141 and 142:
Impedance To explain the addition o
Page 143 and 144:
Maximum transfer of power is accomp
Page 145 and 146:
Rectangular Notation Because reacta
Page 147 and 148:
Vectors With Polar Notations. Stand
Page 149 and 150:
Rectangular Notation - Prefix “j
Page 151 and 152:
Imaginary Component In “rectangul
Page 153 and 154:
Imaginary Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 155 and 156:
To convert from rectangular to pola
Page 157 and 158:
More Reading on Polar & Rectangular
Page 159 and 160:
Eddy current coils with included im
Page 161 and 162:
Permeability and Shielding Effects
Page 163 and 164:
Another technique of shielding uses
Page 165 and 166:
Saturation Approach Another coil de
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 3.5: Magnetic bias probe Cha
Page 169 and 170:
Materials must be chemically compat
Page 171 and 172:
Q.3.1 A coil's resistance is determ
Page 173 and 174:
Q.3.7 The Q or merit of a coil is d
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Jackfruit Tree Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 179 and 180:
Electrical Conductivity σ In elect
Page 181 and 182:
As previously discussed, conductivi
Page 183 and 184:
Figure 4.1; Conductivity curve Char
Page 185 and 186:
The coil's inductive reactance is r
Page 187 and 188:
Effects of Heat Treatment on Conduc
Page 189 and 190:
Permeability Permeability of any ma
Page 191 and 192:
When increases in the magnetizing f
Page 193 and 194:
Skin Effect Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 195 and 196:
Discussion Subject: Response to the
Page 197 and 198:
Lift Off Electromagnetic coupling b
Page 199 and 200:
Fill factor will always be a number
Page 201 and 202:
Figure 4.4: Fill factor ratios When
Page 203 and 204:
Example: Calculate the resultant lo
Page 205 and 206:
Figure 1.8 is again useful to illus
Page 207 and 208:
Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noi
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Q.4.4 A (?) prime factor affecting
Page 213 and 214:
Q.4.10 Temperature changes, vibrati
Page 215 and 216:
Test Frequencies It is the responsi
Page 217 and 218:
Single Frequency Systems Unfortunat
Page 219 and 220:
Eddy Current Density Since the sens
Page 221 and 222:
Applicable Scenario Eddy Current De
Page 223 and 224:
Standard Depth δ Formula The depth
Page 225 and 226:
Example 1: As an example of how thi
Page 227 and 228:
Frequency Selection - Ferromagnetic
Page 229 and 230:
A frequency can always selected to
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 5.1(a) shows the effect on p
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 5.1: Effects of frequency ch
Page 235 and 236:
Figure 5.2: Normalized impedance di
Page 237 and 238:
Figure 5.3: Impedance variations ca
Page 239 and 240:
Figure 5.4: Impedance variations ca
Page 241 and 242:
Multiparameter Techniques It become
Page 243 and 244:
Multiparameter Techniques - Multipl
Page 245 and 246:
First, a frequency is selected to g
Page 247 and 248:
More Reading on Characteristic Para
Page 249 and 250:
Figure 1: Eddy Current Testing Char
Page 251 and 252:
Figure 2: Types of Probes Charlie C
Page 253 and 254:
Surface (Pancake) Probes Surface pr
Page 255 and 256:
Encircling Probes Encircling probes
Page 257 and 258:
Design of eddy current probes In mo
Page 259 and 260:
In brief, probe design is usually d
Page 261 and 262:
Analytical Approach (Pc & f g ) Ana
Page 263 and 264:
RECENT TRENDS IN EDDY CURRENT PROBE
Page 265 and 266:
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (P
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Q.5.4 Calculate the limit frequency
Page 271 and 272:
Q.5.7 Primary resistance is subtrac
Page 273 and 274:
Q5.9 A 25% deep crack open to the n
Page 275 and 276:
Chapter 6 Instrument Systems Charli
Page 277 and 278:
Eddy Current Instrumentation Most o
Page 279 and 280:
Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
Page 281 and 282:
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Charl
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 6.2: Four types of simple ed
Page 285 and 286:
Figure 6.2(b) shows an impedance br
Page 287 and 288:
Figure 6.2(d) illustrates a balanci
Page 289 and 290:
Eddy current testing - Signal Analy
Page 291 and 292:
Impedance Testing With impedance ma
Page 293 and 294:
Phase Analysis Testing - Vector Poi
Page 295 and 296:
Phase Analysis Testing - Ellipse As
Page 297 and 298:
Figure 6.4: Cathode ray tube displa
Page 299 and 300:
Figure 6.5: Screen image of a linea
Page 301 and 302:
Impedance Plane Testing - Mode of O
Page 303 and 304:
Figure 6.6: Null balance instrument
Page 305 and 306:
Figure 6.7: Typical surface riding
Page 307 and 308:
For deep subsurface crack detection
Page 309 and 310:
Multiple circuits are used througho
Page 311 and 312:
This type of digital instrumentatio
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Read Out Mechanisms - Audio Alarms
Page 317 and 318:
An qualitative meter response could
Page 319 and 320:
Figure 6.13: A qualitative analog m
Page 321 and 322:
Read Out Mechanisms - Cathode Ray T
Page 323 and 324:
Figure 6.14: Numerical readouts/dig
Page 325 and 326:
Read Out Mechanisms - Computer Eddy
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Probe Delivery System Instead of mo
Page 331 and 332:
Chapter 6 Review Questions Charlie
Page 333 and 334:
Q.6.1 Signal preparation is usually
Page 335 and 336:
Q.6.7 Amplitude gates provide a tec
Page 337 and 338:
Chapter 7 Eddy Current Applications
Page 339 and 340:
Discontinuity Detection The theoret
Page 341 and 342:
Heat Exchanger Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
Page 351 and 352:
Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
Page 353 and 354:
Figure 7.2: Phase-to-depth calibrat
Page 355 and 356:
The geometry of real discontinuitie
Page 357 and 358:
Figure 7.5: A multifrequency applic
Page 359 and 360:
Aerospace Applications Charlie Chon
Page 361 and 362:
The reference specimen and its asso
Page 363 and 364:
Dimensional Measurements Dimensiona
Page 365 and 366:
Figure 7.6: A single frequency hard
Page 367 and 368:
Conductivity Measurements Conductiv
Page 369 and 370:
Alloy Sorting Alloy sorting can als
Page 371 and 372:
In addition, it is advisable to hav
Page 373 and 374:
Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 375 and 376:
Q.7.4 Using multifrequency techniqu
Page 377 and 378:
Q.7.7 Response to multilayer varyin
Page 379 and 380:
Chapter 8 Other Electromagnetic Tec
Page 381 and 382:
Some other technologies that have b
Page 383 and 384:
Alternating current field measureme
Page 385 and 386:
Figure 8.1 shows the basic principl
Page 387 and 388:
ACFM Principle Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 389 and 390:
ACFM Z X Bx =magnetic flux componen
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
The technique in its simplest form
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Prima
Page 399 and 400:
Figure 8.2: Equipment for magnetic
Page 401 and 402:
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
Page 403 and 404:
The most commonly used inservice in
Page 405 and 406:
Magnetic Saturation Charlie Chong/
Page 407 and 408:
The magnetization curve is not retr
Page 409 and 410:
Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
Page 411 and 412:
Magnetic Flux Leakage The basic pri
Page 413 and 414:
Magnetic Flux Leakage Magnetic Flux
Page 415 and 416:
Special hybrid (driver/pick up) coi
Page 417 and 418:
At distances in excess of two tube
Page 419 and 420:
Figure 8.4: Remote field testing en
Page 421 and 422:
Remote-Field Energy Zones - in remo
Page 423 and 424:
Remote-Field Zone Transition Zone C
Page 425 and 426:
RFT - Flux distribution in pipe (a)
Page 427 and 428:
Remote Field Zone - The third defin
Page 429 and 430:
Amplitude (voltage) - The remote fi
Page 431 and 432:
RFT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
Page 433 and 434:
The Remote Field Technique is an el
Page 435 and 436:
Remote Field Eddy Current Technique
Page 437 and 438:
More Reading: RFT Remote Field Test
Page 439 and 440:
These eddy currents, in turn, produ
Page 441 and 442:
The Zones Direct Couple Zone The re
Page 443 and 444:
RFT Probes Probes for inspection of
Page 445 and 446:
RFT Signal Interpretation The signa
Page 447 and 448:
RFT Reference Standards Reference s
Page 449 and 450:
Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 451 and 452: Q.8.4 A generally accepted definiti
Page 453 and 454: Q.8.8 The region of intense electro
Page 455 and 456: Chapter 9 Eddy Current Procedures,
Page 457 and 458: American Society for Testing and Ma
Page 459 and 460: Military Standard The United States
Page 461 and 462: EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION OF NONFERRO
Page 463 and 464: . Probe positioning and feeding sha
Page 465 and 466: 3. Tube Inspection General (Refer t
Page 467 and 468: F. INSPECTION RESULTS AND DOCUMENTA
Page 469 and 470: G. REFERENCES The following documen
Page 471 and 472: Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 473 and 474: Q.9.4 Military Standards are design
Page 475 and 476: Q.9.10 The system in QA3 is calibra
Page 477 and 478: More Reading http://www.allaboutcir
Page 479 and 480: Discussion Subject: discuss on the
Page 481 and 482: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 483 and 484: Inspection from the Tube OD Most AS
Page 485 and 486: Approximately 25 years ago, the AST
Page 487 and 488: One additional advantage of OD ECT
Page 489 and 490: The baseline eddy current test The
Page 491 and 492: There is no standard accept/reject
Page 493 and 494: Pulsed Eddy Currents Systems Charli
Page 495 and 496: Although still an active research f
Page 497 and 498: LOI (Lift-Off point of Intersection
Page 499 and 500: Gap Point : Similar to the LOI, the
Page 501: Driving Coil Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
Page 505 and 506: Crack Detection using Pulsed Eddy C
Page 507 and 508: Fig. 1 (a) ARMANDA - Automated scan
Page 509 and 510: Fig. 2. Images of the Eddy current
Page 511 and 512: Reading 2: 4.9.2.3 Pulsed Eddy Curr
Page 513 and 514: Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
show all

Electromagnetic Testing

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?