Electromagnetic Testing

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A common problem with turbines is fatigue cracking of the compressor blades or disks in the root areas. Given the potential safety risks if these components fail, the inspection criteria thresholds are set to detect extremely small artifacts. Special probe designs and inspection techniques are required to deal with the difficult sample geometries and small discontinuity detection limits. Many other aircraft inspections are designed to deal with cracking or corrosion processes that may not lead to immediate catastrophic failures but that do need to be handled in a timely manner. Portable inspection devices are often used to perform these tests. Careful test system calibration using appropriate procedures and reference specimens is required to maintain aircraft fleet serviceability. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Aerospace Applications Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Electromagnetic Testing Study Guide
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E&P Applications Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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乱七八糟 - 随看随记 C
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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IVONA TTS Capable. Charlie Chong/ F
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EDDY CURRENT an Overview Descriptio
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Tangential Probe Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Electromagnetic Testing Advantages
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Factors Affecting Eddy Current Resp
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from this it can be seen that depth
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http://www.eng.morgan.edu/~hubert/I
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Robotic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Measurement Techniques (EN!) a) Abs
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Figure 1.1 Arago’s Experiment Cha
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Oersted discovered the presence of
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Figure 1.3: Induced current electro
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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The law of physics describing the p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://hy
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Magnetic Force The magnetic field B
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Generation of Eddy Currents When a
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Factors Affecting Inductance There
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COIL LENGTH: All other factors bein
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Coil Inductance L An approximation
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Note the direction of the primary c
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Generation of Eddy Current With a p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Permeabil
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A Dual Variable inductors Figure 1:
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Figure 3: Here is another inductor
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Figure 4: The two inductors on this
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Grundig radio satellit 750 ■ http
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Figure 1.7: Phasor Diagram of Coil
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Current Density The distribution of
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Relative Magnetic Permeability Perm
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It should be observed at this point
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δ = (π x 100 x 10 3 x 4 x π x 0.
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Using 1.35 mm as depth x from surfa
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Standard Depth for Different Conduc
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Current (?) Lagging Voltage lagging
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σº∙πμ■δ∝∞ωΩθ√ρβ
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Figure 1.9 should be used as a rela
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Q.1.1 Generation of eddy currents d
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Q.1.5 Eddy current generated a test
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Q.1.9 Refer to Figure1.9 using exam
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Chapter 2 The Coil Arrangements Cha
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Probe coils and probe coil forms ca
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Encircling Coils Encircling coil, o
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Discussion Subject; Encircling Coil
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Bobbin Coils Bobbin coil, inside di
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Figure 2.5: Test coil configuration
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Differential coils Differential coi
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Figure 2.6: External reference diff
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Figure 2.7: Hybrid coil (through tr
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Additional Coil Characteristics Coi
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Q.2.1 Differential coils are usuall
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Q.2.6 An absolute coil measurement
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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As discussed earlier test coil desi
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Demonstration model of a moving iro
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Thus, the resistance of a 10 ft len
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SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY
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Problem: What is the resistance of
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The inductance of a multilayer air
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Example: A coil whose dimensions ar
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Example: Using the 32 μH coil calc
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Impedance To explain the addition o
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Maximum transfer of power is accomp
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Rectangular Notation Because reacta
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Vectors With Polar Notations. Stand
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Rectangular Notation - Prefix “j
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Imaginary Component In “rectangul
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Imaginary Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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To convert from rectangular to pola
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More Reading on Polar & Rectangular
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Eddy current coils with included im
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Permeability and Shielding Effects
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Another technique of shielding uses
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Saturation Approach Another coil de
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Figure 3.5: Magnetic bias probe Cha
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Materials must be chemically compat
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Q.3.1 A coil's resistance is determ
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Q.3.7 The Q or merit of a coil is d
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Jackfruit Tree Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Electrical Conductivity σ In elect
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As previously discussed, conductivi
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Figure 4.1; Conductivity curve Char
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The coil's inductive reactance is r
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Effects of Heat Treatment on Conduc
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Permeability Permeability of any ma
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When increases in the magnetizing f
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Skin Effect Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Discussion Subject: Response to the
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Lift Off Electromagnetic coupling b
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Fill factor will always be a number
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Figure 4.4: Fill factor ratios When
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Example: Calculate the resultant lo
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Figure 1.8 is again useful to illus
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noi
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Q.4.4 A (?) prime factor affecting
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Q.4.10 Temperature changes, vibrati
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Test Frequencies It is the responsi
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Single Frequency Systems Unfortunat
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Eddy Current Density Since the sens
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Applicable Scenario Eddy Current De
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Standard Depth δ Formula The depth
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Example 1: As an example of how thi
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Frequency Selection - Ferromagnetic
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A frequency can always selected to
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Figure 5.1(a) shows the effect on p
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Figure 5.1: Effects of frequency ch
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Figure 5.2: Normalized impedance di
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Figure 5.3: Impedance variations ca
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Figure 5.4: Impedance variations ca
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Multiparameter Techniques It become
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Multiparameter Techniques - Multipl
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First, a frequency is selected to g
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More Reading on Characteristic Para
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Figure 1: Eddy Current Testing Char
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Figure 2: Types of Probes Charlie C
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Surface (Pancake) Probes Surface pr
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Encircling Probes Encircling probes
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Design of eddy current probes In mo
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In brief, probe design is usually d
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Analytical Approach (Pc & f g ) Ana
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RECENT TRENDS IN EDDY CURRENT PROBE
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Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (P
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Q.5.4 Calculate the limit frequency
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Q.5.7 Primary resistance is subtrac
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Q5.9 A 25% deep crack open to the n
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Chapter 6 Instrument Systems Charli
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Eddy Current Instrumentation Most o
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Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
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Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Charl
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Figure 6.2: Four types of simple ed
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Figure 6.2(b) shows an impedance br
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Figure 6.2(d) illustrates a balanci
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Eddy current testing - Signal Analy
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Impedance Testing With impedance ma
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Phase Analysis Testing - Vector Poi
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Phase Analysis Testing - Ellipse As
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Figure 6.4: Cathode ray tube displa
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Figure 6.5: Screen image of a linea
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Impedance Plane Testing - Mode of O
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Figure 6.6: Null balance instrument
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Figure 6.7: Typical surface riding
Page 307 and 308: For deep subsurface crack detection
Page 309 and 310: Multiple circuits are used througho
Page 311 and 312: This type of digital instrumentatio
Page 313 and 314: Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
Page 315 and 316: Read Out Mechanisms - Audio Alarms
Page 317 and 318: An qualitative meter response could
Page 319 and 320: Figure 6.13: A qualitative analog m
Page 321 and 322: Read Out Mechanisms - Cathode Ray T
Page 323 and 324: Figure 6.14: Numerical readouts/dig
Page 325 and 326: Read Out Mechanisms - Computer Eddy
Page 327 and 328: Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
Page 329 and 330: Probe Delivery System Instead of mo
Page 331 and 332: Chapter 6 Review Questions Charlie
Page 333 and 334: Q.6.1 Signal preparation is usually
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Page 337 and 338: Chapter 7 Eddy Current Applications
Page 339 and 340: Discontinuity Detection The theoret
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Page 349 and 350: Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Page 353 and 354: Figure 7.2: Phase-to-depth calibrat
Page 355 and 356: The geometry of real discontinuitie
Page 357: Figure 7.5: A multifrequency applic
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Page 363 and 364: Dimensional Measurements Dimensiona
Page 365 and 366: Figure 7.6: A single frequency hard
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Page 371 and 372: In addition, it is advisable to hav
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Page 375 and 376: Q.7.4 Using multifrequency techniqu
Page 377 and 378: Q.7.7 Response to multilayer varyin
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Page 381 and 382: Some other technologies that have b
Page 383 and 384: Alternating current field measureme
Page 385 and 386: Figure 8.1 shows the basic principl
Page 387 and 388: ACFM Principle Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 389 and 390: ACFM Z X Bx =magnetic flux componen
Page 393 and 394: The technique in its simplest form
Page 397 and 398: Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Prima
Page 399 and 400: Figure 8.2: Equipment for magnetic
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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Magnetic Flux Leakage The basic pri
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Magnetic Flux
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Special hybrid (driver/pick up) coi
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At distances in excess of two tube
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Figure 8.4: Remote field testing en
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Remote-Field Energy Zones - in remo
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Remote-Field Zone Transition Zone C
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RFT - Flux distribution in pipe (a)
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Remote Field Zone - The third defin
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Amplitude (voltage) - The remote fi
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RFT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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The Remote Field Technique is an el
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Remote Field Eddy Current Technique
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More Reading: RFT Remote Field Test
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These eddy currents, in turn, produ
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The Zones Direct Couple Zone The re
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RFT Probes Probes for inspection of
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RFT Signal Interpretation The signa
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RFT Reference Standards Reference s
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Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Q.8.4 A generally accepted definiti
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Q.8.8 The region of intense electro
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Chapter 9 Eddy Current Procedures,
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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Military Standard The United States
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EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION OF NONFERRO
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. Probe positioning and feeding sha
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3. Tube Inspection General (Refer t
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F. INSPECTION RESULTS AND DOCUMENTA
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G. REFERENCES The following documen
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Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Q.9.4 Military Standards are design
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Q.9.10 The system in QA3 is calibra
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More Reading http://www.allaboutcir
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Discussion Subject: discuss on the
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Inspection from the Tube OD Most AS
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Approximately 25 years ago, the AST
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One additional advantage of OD ECT
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The baseline eddy current test The
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There is no standard accept/reject
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Pulsed Eddy Currents Systems Charli
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Although still an active research f
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LOI (Lift-Off point of Intersection
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Gap Point : Similar to the LOI, the
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Driving Coil Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Hall effect sensors In opposition t
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Crack Detection using Pulsed Eddy C
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Fig. 1 (a) ARMANDA - Automated scan
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Fig. 2. Images of the Eddy current
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Reading 2: 4.9.2.3 Pulsed Eddy Curr
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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