Electromagnetic Testing

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The term Z = R + jX is known as a rectangular notation. As an example, a resistance of R= 4 ohms in series with an inductive reactance of jX = 3 ohms could be noted as Z = 4 + j3 ohms. The impedance calculation is then : Z = √(4 2 + 3 2 ) = √(25) = 5Ω In coil design it is often helpful to know also the included angle between the resistive component and impedance. A convenient method of notation is the polar form where tan θ =X L + R and θ is the included angle between resistance and impedance. In the previous example the impedance magnitude is 5 ohms, but at what angle? A proper form of notation is Z∠θ where Z is impedance and ∠θ is the included angle. Therefore, the complete notation for R=3, X L =4 is: Z = √(42 + 32) = √(25) = 5Ω tan θ = ¾ = 0.750 = 36.9º Z = |5|∠ 36.9º or Z = 3+j4 Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Eddy current coils with included impedance angles of 60 degrees to 90 degrees usually make efficient test coils. As the angle between resistance and impedance approaches 0 degrees, the test coil becomes very inefficient with most of its energy being dissipated as heat. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Electromagnetic Testing Study Guide
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E&P Applications Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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乱七八糟 - 随看随记 C
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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IVONA TTS Capable. Charlie Chong/ F
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EDDY CURRENT an Overview Descriptio
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Tangential Probe Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Electromagnetic Testing Advantages
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Factors Affecting Eddy Current Resp
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from this it can be seen that depth
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http://www.eng.morgan.edu/~hubert/I
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Robotic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Measurement Techniques (EN!) a) Abs
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Figure 1.1 Arago’s Experiment Cha
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Oersted discovered the presence of
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Figure 1.3: Induced current electro
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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The law of physics describing the p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://hy
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Magnetic Force The magnetic field B
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Generation of Eddy Currents When a
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Factors Affecting Inductance There
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COIL LENGTH: All other factors bein
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Coil Inductance L An approximation
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Note the direction of the primary c
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Generation of Eddy Current With a p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Permeabil
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A Dual Variable inductors Figure 1:
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Figure 3: Here is another inductor
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Figure 4: The two inductors on this
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Grundig radio satellit 750 ■ http
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Figure 1.7: Phasor Diagram of Coil
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Current Density The distribution of
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Relative Magnetic Permeability Perm
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It should be observed at this point
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δ = (π x 100 x 10 3 x 4 x π x 0.
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Using 1.35 mm as depth x from surfa
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Standard Depth for Different Conduc
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Current (?) Lagging Voltage lagging
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σº∙πμ■δ∝∞ωΩθ√ρβ
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Figure 1.9 should be used as a rela
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Q.1.1 Generation of eddy currents d
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Q.1.5 Eddy current generated a test
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Q.1.9 Refer to Figure1.9 using exam
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Chapter 2 The Coil Arrangements Cha
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Probe coils and probe coil forms ca
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Encircling Coils Encircling coil, o
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Discussion Subject; Encircling Coil
Page 107 and 108: Bobbin Coils Bobbin coil, inside di
Page 109 and 110: Figure 2.5: Test coil configuration
Page 111 and 112: Differential coils Differential coi
Page 113 and 114: Figure 2.6: External reference diff
Page 115 and 116: Figure 2.7: Hybrid coil (through tr
Page 117 and 118: Additional Coil Characteristics Coi
Page 119 and 120: Q.2.1 Differential coils are usuall
Page 121 and 122: Q.2.6 An absolute coil measurement
Page 123 and 124: The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 125 and 126: As discussed earlier test coil desi
Page 127 and 128: Demonstration model of a moving iro
Page 129 and 130: Thus, the resistance of a 10 ft len
Page 131 and 132: SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY
Page 133 and 134: Problem: What is the resistance of
Page 135 and 136: The inductance of a multilayer air
Page 137 and 138: Example: A coil whose dimensions ar
Page 139 and 140: Example: Using the 32 μH coil calc
Page 141 and 142: Impedance To explain the addition o
Page 143 and 144: Maximum transfer of power is accomp
Page 145 and 146: Rectangular Notation Because reacta
Page 147 and 148: Vectors With Polar Notations. Stand
Page 149 and 150: Rectangular Notation - Prefix “j
Page 151 and 152: Imaginary Component In “rectangul
Page 153 and 154: Imaginary Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 155 and 156: To convert from rectangular to pola
Page 157: More Reading on Polar & Rectangular
Page 161 and 162: Permeability and Shielding Effects
Page 163 and 164: Another technique of shielding uses
Page 165 and 166: Saturation Approach Another coil de
Page 167 and 168: Figure 3.5: Magnetic bias probe Cha
Page 169 and 170: Materials must be chemically compat
Page 171 and 172: Q.3.1 A coil's resistance is determ
Page 173 and 174: Q.3.7 The Q or merit of a coil is d
Page 175 and 176: The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 177 and 178: Jackfruit Tree Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 179 and 180: Electrical Conductivity σ In elect
Page 181 and 182: As previously discussed, conductivi
Page 183 and 184: Figure 4.1; Conductivity curve Char
Page 185 and 186: The coil's inductive reactance is r
Page 187 and 188: Effects of Heat Treatment on Conduc
Page 189 and 190: Permeability Permeability of any ma
Page 191 and 192: When increases in the magnetizing f
Page 193 and 194: Skin Effect Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 195 and 196: Discussion Subject: Response to the
Page 197 and 198: Lift Off Electromagnetic coupling b
Page 199 and 200: Fill factor will always be a number
Page 201 and 202: Figure 4.4: Fill factor ratios When
Page 203 and 204: Example: Calculate the resultant lo
Page 205 and 206: Figure 1.8 is again useful to illus
Page 207 and 208: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noi
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Q.4.4 A (?) prime factor affecting
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Q.4.10 Temperature changes, vibrati
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Test Frequencies It is the responsi
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Single Frequency Systems Unfortunat
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Eddy Current Density Since the sens
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Applicable Scenario Eddy Current De
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Standard Depth δ Formula The depth
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Example 1: As an example of how thi
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Frequency Selection - Ferromagnetic
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A frequency can always selected to
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Figure 5.1(a) shows the effect on p
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Figure 5.1: Effects of frequency ch
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Figure 5.2: Normalized impedance di
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Figure 5.3: Impedance variations ca
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Figure 5.4: Impedance variations ca
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Multiparameter Techniques It become
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Multiparameter Techniques - Multipl
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First, a frequency is selected to g
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More Reading on Characteristic Para
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Figure 1: Eddy Current Testing Char
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Figure 2: Types of Probes Charlie C
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Surface (Pancake) Probes Surface pr
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Encircling Probes Encircling probes
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Design of eddy current probes In mo
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In brief, probe design is usually d
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Analytical Approach (Pc & f g ) Ana
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RECENT TRENDS IN EDDY CURRENT PROBE
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Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (P
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Q.5.4 Calculate the limit frequency
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Q.5.7 Primary resistance is subtrac
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Q5.9 A 25% deep crack open to the n
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Chapter 6 Instrument Systems Charli
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Eddy Current Instrumentation Most o
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Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
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Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Charl
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Figure 6.2: Four types of simple ed
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Figure 6.2(b) shows an impedance br
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Figure 6.2(d) illustrates a balanci
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Eddy current testing - Signal Analy
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Impedance Testing With impedance ma
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Phase Analysis Testing - Vector Poi
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Phase Analysis Testing - Ellipse As
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Figure 6.4: Cathode ray tube displa
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Figure 6.5: Screen image of a linea
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Impedance Plane Testing - Mode of O
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Figure 6.6: Null balance instrument
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Figure 6.7: Typical surface riding
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For deep subsurface crack detection
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Multiple circuits are used througho
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This type of digital instrumentatio
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Read Out Mechanisms - Audio Alarms
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An qualitative meter response could
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Figure 6.13: A qualitative analog m
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Read Out Mechanisms - Cathode Ray T
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Figure 6.14: Numerical readouts/dig
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Read Out Mechanisms - Computer Eddy
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Probe Delivery System Instead of mo
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Chapter 6 Review Questions Charlie
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Q.6.1 Signal preparation is usually
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Q.6.7 Amplitude gates provide a tec
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Chapter 7 Eddy Current Applications
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Discontinuity Detection The theoret
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Heat Exchanger Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Figure 7.2: Phase-to-depth calibrat
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The geometry of real discontinuitie
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Figure 7.5: A multifrequency applic
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Aerospace Applications Charlie Chon
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The reference specimen and its asso
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Dimensional Measurements Dimensiona
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Figure 7.6: A single frequency hard
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Conductivity Measurements Conductiv
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Alloy Sorting Alloy sorting can als
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In addition, it is advisable to hav
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Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Q.7.4 Using multifrequency techniqu
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Q.7.7 Response to multilayer varyin
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Chapter 8 Other Electromagnetic Tec
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Some other technologies that have b
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Alternating current field measureme
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Figure 8.1 shows the basic principl
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ACFM Principle Charlie Chong/ Fion
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ACFM Z X Bx =magnetic flux componen
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The technique in its simplest form
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Prima
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Figure 8.2: Equipment for magnetic
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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The most commonly used inservice in
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Magnetic Saturation Charlie Chong/
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The magnetization curve is not retr
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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Magnetic Flux Leakage The basic pri
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Magnetic Flux
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Special hybrid (driver/pick up) coi
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At distances in excess of two tube
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Figure 8.4: Remote field testing en
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Remote-Field Energy Zones - in remo
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Remote-Field Zone Transition Zone C
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RFT - Flux distribution in pipe (a)
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Remote Field Zone - The third defin
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Amplitude (voltage) - The remote fi
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RFT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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The Remote Field Technique is an el
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Remote Field Eddy Current Technique
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More Reading: RFT Remote Field Test
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These eddy currents, in turn, produ
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The Zones Direct Couple Zone The re
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RFT Probes Probes for inspection of
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RFT Signal Interpretation The signa
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RFT Reference Standards Reference s
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Q.8.4 A generally accepted definiti
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Q.8.8 The region of intense electro
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Chapter 9 Eddy Current Procedures,
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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Military Standard The United States
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EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION OF NONFERRO
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. Probe positioning and feeding sha
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3. Tube Inspection General (Refer t
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F. INSPECTION RESULTS AND DOCUMENTA
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G. REFERENCES The following documen
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Q.9.4 Military Standards are design
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Q.9.10 The system in QA3 is calibra
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More Reading http://www.allaboutcir
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Discussion Subject: discuss on the
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Inspection from the Tube OD Most AS
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Approximately 25 years ago, the AST
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One additional advantage of OD ECT
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The baseline eddy current test The
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There is no standard accept/reject
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Pulsed Eddy Currents Systems Charli
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Although still an active research f
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LOI (Lift-Off point of Intersection
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Gap Point : Similar to the LOI, the
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Driving Coil Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Hall effect sensors In opposition t
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Crack Detection using Pulsed Eddy C
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Fig. 1 (a) ARMANDA - Automated scan
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Fig. 2. Images of the Eddy current
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Reading 2: 4.9.2.3 Pulsed Eddy Curr
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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