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Bessel function for f g (?) Another approach to frequency selection uses argument A of the Bessel function where argument A is equal to unity or 1. A = f μ r σd 2 / 5066 Where: f = frequency Hz μ r = Relative permeability σ = Conductivity in meter / Ω.mm 2 d = Diameter of the coil in cm Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
A frequency can always selected to established factor A = 1, the frequency is known as limiting frequency and is denoted by f g . By substituting 1 for A and f g for f, the equation becomes; 1 = f g ∙ μ r ∙ σ∙ d 2 / 5066 f g = 5066/ (μ r ∙ σ∙ d 2 ) Limiting frequency f g is then established in term of conductivity, permeability, some dimensional properties and a constant 5066. Because limiting frequency f g is based on these parameters, a techniques of frequency determination using a test frequency to limit frequency ration f/f g can be accomplished. High f/f g ratios are used for near surface tests and lower f/f g ration is used for subsurface tests. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Electromagnetic Testing Study Guide
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E&P Applications Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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乱七八糟 - 随看随记 C
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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IVONA TTS Capable. Charlie Chong/ F
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EDDY CURRENT an Overview Descriptio
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Tangential Probe Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Electromagnetic Testing Advantages
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Factors Affecting Eddy Current Resp
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from this it can be seen that depth
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http://www.eng.morgan.edu/~hubert/I
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Robotic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Measurement Techniques (EN!) a) Abs
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Figure 1.1 Arago’s Experiment Cha
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Oersted discovered the presence of
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Figure 1.3: Induced current electro
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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The law of physics describing the p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://hy
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Magnetic Force The magnetic field B
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Generation of Eddy Currents When a
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Factors Affecting Inductance There
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COIL LENGTH: All other factors bein
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Coil Inductance L An approximation
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Note the direction of the primary c
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Generation of Eddy Current With a p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Permeabil
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A Dual Variable inductors Figure 1:
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Figure 3: Here is another inductor
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Figure 4: The two inductors on this
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Grundig radio satellit 750 ■ http
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Figure 1.7: Phasor Diagram of Coil
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Current Density The distribution of
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Relative Magnetic Permeability Perm
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It should be observed at this point
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δ = (π x 100 x 10 3 x 4 x π x 0.
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Using 1.35 mm as depth x from surfa
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Standard Depth for Different Conduc
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Current (?) Lagging Voltage lagging
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σº∙πμ■δ∝∞ωΩθ√ρβ
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Figure 1.9 should be used as a rela
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Q.1.1 Generation of eddy currents d
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Q.1.5 Eddy current generated a test
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Q.1.9 Refer to Figure1.9 using exam
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Chapter 2 The Coil Arrangements Cha
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Probe coils and probe coil forms ca
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Encircling Coils Encircling coil, o
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Discussion Subject; Encircling Coil
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Bobbin Coils Bobbin coil, inside di
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Figure 2.5: Test coil configuration
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Differential coils Differential coi
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Figure 2.6: External reference diff
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Figure 2.7: Hybrid coil (through tr
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Additional Coil Characteristics Coi
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Q.2.1 Differential coils are usuall
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Q.2.6 An absolute coil measurement
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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As discussed earlier test coil desi
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Demonstration model of a moving iro
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Thus, the resistance of a 10 ft len
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SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY
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Problem: What is the resistance of
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The inductance of a multilayer air
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Example: A coil whose dimensions ar
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Example: Using the 32 μH coil calc
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Impedance To explain the addition o
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Maximum transfer of power is accomp
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Rectangular Notation Because reacta
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Vectors With Polar Notations. Stand
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Rectangular Notation - Prefix “j
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Imaginary Component In “rectangul
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Imaginary Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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To convert from rectangular to pola
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More Reading on Polar & Rectangular
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Eddy current coils with included im
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Permeability and Shielding Effects
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Another technique of shielding uses
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Saturation Approach Another coil de
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Figure 3.5: Magnetic bias probe Cha
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Materials must be chemically compat
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Q.3.1 A coil's resistance is determ
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Q.3.7 The Q or merit of a coil is d
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 177 and 178: Jackfruit Tree Charlie Chong/ Fion
Page 179 and 180: Electrical Conductivity σ In elect
Page 181 and 182: As previously discussed, conductivi
Page 183 and 184: Figure 4.1; Conductivity curve Char
Page 185 and 186: The coil's inductive reactance is r
Page 187 and 188: Effects of Heat Treatment on Conduc
Page 189 and 190: Permeability Permeability of any ma
Page 191 and 192: When increases in the magnetizing f
Page 193 and 194: Skin Effect Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 195 and 196: Discussion Subject: Response to the
Page 197 and 198: Lift Off Electromagnetic coupling b
Page 199 and 200: Fill factor will always be a number
Page 201 and 202: Figure 4.4: Fill factor ratios When
Page 203 and 204: Example: Calculate the resultant lo
Page 205 and 206: Figure 1.8 is again useful to illus
Page 207 and 208: Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noi
Page 209 and 210: The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 211 and 212: Q.4.4 A (?) prime factor affecting
Page 213 and 214: Q.4.10 Temperature changes, vibrati
Page 215 and 216: Test Frequencies It is the responsi
Page 217 and 218: Single Frequency Systems Unfortunat
Page 219 and 220: Eddy Current Density Since the sens
Page 221 and 222: Applicable Scenario Eddy Current De
Page 223 and 224: Standard Depth δ Formula The depth
Page 225 and 226: Example 1: As an example of how thi
Page 227: Frequency Selection - Ferromagnetic
Page 231 and 232: Figure 5.1(a) shows the effect on p
Page 233 and 234: Figure 5.1: Effects of frequency ch
Page 235 and 236: Figure 5.2: Normalized impedance di
Page 237 and 238: Figure 5.3: Impedance variations ca
Page 239 and 240: Figure 5.4: Impedance variations ca
Page 241 and 242: Multiparameter Techniques It become
Page 243 and 244: Multiparameter Techniques - Multipl
Page 245 and 246: First, a frequency is selected to g
Page 247 and 248: More Reading on Characteristic Para
Page 249 and 250: Figure 1: Eddy Current Testing Char
Page 251 and 252: Figure 2: Types of Probes Charlie C
Page 253 and 254: Surface (Pancake) Probes Surface pr
Page 255 and 256: Encircling Probes Encircling probes
Page 257 and 258: Design of eddy current probes In mo
Page 259 and 260: In brief, probe design is usually d
Page 261 and 262: Analytical Approach (Pc & f g ) Ana
Page 263 and 264: RECENT TRENDS IN EDDY CURRENT PROBE
Page 265 and 266: Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (P
Page 267 and 268: The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
Page 269 and 270: Q.5.4 Calculate the limit frequency
Page 271 and 272: Q.5.7 Primary resistance is subtrac
Page 273 and 274: Q5.9 A 25% deep crack open to the n
Page 275 and 276: Chapter 6 Instrument Systems Charli
Page 277 and 278: Eddy Current Instrumentation Most o
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Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
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Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Charl
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Figure 6.2: Four types of simple ed
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Figure 6.2(b) shows an impedance br
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Figure 6.2(d) illustrates a balanci
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Eddy current testing - Signal Analy
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Impedance Testing With impedance ma
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Phase Analysis Testing - Vector Poi
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Phase Analysis Testing - Ellipse As
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Figure 6.4: Cathode ray tube displa
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Figure 6.5: Screen image of a linea
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Impedance Plane Testing - Mode of O
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Figure 6.6: Null balance instrument
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Figure 6.7: Typical surface riding
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For deep subsurface crack detection
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Multiple circuits are used througho
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This type of digital instrumentatio
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Read Out Mechanisms - Audio Alarms
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An qualitative meter response could
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Figure 6.13: A qualitative analog m
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Read Out Mechanisms - Cathode Ray T
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Figure 6.14: Numerical readouts/dig
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Read Out Mechanisms - Computer Eddy
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Probe Delivery System Instead of mo
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Chapter 6 Review Questions Charlie
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Q.6.1 Signal preparation is usually
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Q.6.7 Amplitude gates provide a tec
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Chapter 7 Eddy Current Applications
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Discontinuity Detection The theoret
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Heat Exchanger Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Figure 7.2: Phase-to-depth calibrat
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The geometry of real discontinuitie
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Figure 7.5: A multifrequency applic
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Aerospace Applications Charlie Chon
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The reference specimen and its asso
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Dimensional Measurements Dimensiona
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Figure 7.6: A single frequency hard
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Conductivity Measurements Conductiv
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Alloy Sorting Alloy sorting can als
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In addition, it is advisable to hav
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Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Q.7.4 Using multifrequency techniqu
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Q.7.7 Response to multilayer varyin
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Chapter 8 Other Electromagnetic Tec
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Some other technologies that have b
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Alternating current field measureme
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Figure 8.1 shows the basic principl
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ACFM Principle Charlie Chong/ Fion
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ACFM Z X Bx =magnetic flux componen
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The technique in its simplest form
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Prima
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Figure 8.2: Equipment for magnetic
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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The most commonly used inservice in
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Magnetic Saturation Charlie Chong/
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The magnetization curve is not retr
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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Magnetic Flux Leakage The basic pri
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Magnetic Flux
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Special hybrid (driver/pick up) coi
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At distances in excess of two tube
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Figure 8.4: Remote field testing en
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Remote-Field Energy Zones - in remo
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Remote-Field Zone Transition Zone C
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RFT - Flux distribution in pipe (a)
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Remote Field Zone - The third defin
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Amplitude (voltage) - The remote fi
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RFT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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The Remote Field Technique is an el
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Remote Field Eddy Current Technique
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More Reading: RFT Remote Field Test
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These eddy currents, in turn, produ
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The Zones Direct Couple Zone The re
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RFT Probes Probes for inspection of
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RFT Signal Interpretation The signa
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RFT Reference Standards Reference s
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Q.8.4 A generally accepted definiti
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Q.8.8 The region of intense electro
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Chapter 9 Eddy Current Procedures,
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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Military Standard The United States
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EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION OF NONFERRO
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. Probe positioning and feeding sha
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3. Tube Inspection General (Refer t
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F. INSPECTION RESULTS AND DOCUMENTA
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G. REFERENCES The following documen
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Q.9.4 Military Standards are design
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Q.9.10 The system in QA3 is calibra
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More Reading http://www.allaboutcir
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Discussion Subject: discuss on the
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Inspection from the Tube OD Most AS
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Approximately 25 years ago, the AST
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One additional advantage of OD ECT
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The baseline eddy current test The
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There is no standard accept/reject
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Pulsed Eddy Currents Systems Charli
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Although still an active research f
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LOI (Lift-Off point of Intersection
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Gap Point : Similar to the LOI, the
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Driving Coil Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Hall effect sensors In opposition t
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Crack Detection using Pulsed Eddy C
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Fig. 1 (a) ARMANDA - Automated scan
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Fig. 2. Images of the Eddy current
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Reading 2: 4.9.2.3 Pulsed Eddy Curr
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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