Electromagnetic Testing

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The duration of the photochemical effect is called persistence. Persistence can be grouped as either low, medium ol' high persistence. To display repetitive signals, a low or medium persistence CRT may have been used. To display noru:ecurxent or single events, a high persistence CRT would have been used. Many modern digital cathode ray tube type systems are available. Because analog CRTs are no longer manufactured, those systems are being replaced with other options digital system provide the additional flexibility for the selection of various color and contrastconditions (Figure 6.14). This allows the operator a thoice otcolor options that can be established on the swnesystem to compensate for use :in different lighting conditions. Because the data are outpuftotlte screen in a digital format varying persistence values can be selected by defining the timing factor of a rolling data buffer or memory. This selection process allows the operators to choose how long the digital images created stay on the screen for viewing. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Figure 6.14: Numerical readouts/digital conductivity tester Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Electromagnetic Testing Study Guide
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E&P Applications Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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乱七八糟 - 随看随记 C
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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IVONA TTS Capable. Charlie Chong/ F
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EDDY CURRENT an Overview Descriptio
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Tangential Probe Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Electromagnetic Testing Advantages
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Factors Affecting Eddy Current Resp
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from this it can be seen that depth
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http://www.eng.morgan.edu/~hubert/I
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Robotic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Measurement Techniques (EN!) a) Abs
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Figure 1.1 Arago’s Experiment Cha
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Oersted discovered the presence of
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Figure 1.3: Induced current electro
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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The law of physics describing the p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://hy
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Magnetic Force The magnetic field B
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Generation of Eddy Currents When a
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Factors Affecting Inductance There
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COIL LENGTH: All other factors bein
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Coil Inductance L An approximation
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Note the direction of the primary c
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Generation of Eddy Current With a p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Permeabil
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A Dual Variable inductors Figure 1:
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Figure 3: Here is another inductor
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Figure 4: The two inductors on this
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Grundig radio satellit 750 ■ http
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Figure 1.7: Phasor Diagram of Coil
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Current Density The distribution of
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Relative Magnetic Permeability Perm
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It should be observed at this point
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δ = (π x 100 x 10 3 x 4 x π x 0.
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Using 1.35 mm as depth x from surfa
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Standard Depth for Different Conduc
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Current (?) Lagging Voltage lagging
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σº∙πμ■δ∝∞ωΩθ√ρβ
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Figure 1.9 should be used as a rela
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Q.1.1 Generation of eddy currents d
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Q.1.5 Eddy current generated a test
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Q.1.9 Refer to Figure1.9 using exam
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Chapter 2 The Coil Arrangements Cha
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Probe coils and probe coil forms ca
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Encircling Coils Encircling coil, o
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Discussion Subject; Encircling Coil
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Bobbin Coils Bobbin coil, inside di
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Figure 2.5: Test coil configuration
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Differential coils Differential coi
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Figure 2.6: External reference diff
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Figure 2.7: Hybrid coil (through tr
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Additional Coil Characteristics Coi
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Q.2.1 Differential coils are usuall
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Q.2.6 An absolute coil measurement
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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As discussed earlier test coil desi
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Demonstration model of a moving iro
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Thus, the resistance of a 10 ft len
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SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY
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Problem: What is the resistance of
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The inductance of a multilayer air
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Example: A coil whose dimensions ar
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Example: Using the 32 μH coil calc
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Impedance To explain the addition o
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Maximum transfer of power is accomp
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Rectangular Notation Because reacta
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Vectors With Polar Notations. Stand
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Rectangular Notation - Prefix “j
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Imaginary Component In “rectangul
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Imaginary Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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To convert from rectangular to pola
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More Reading on Polar & Rectangular
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Eddy current coils with included im
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Permeability and Shielding Effects
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Another technique of shielding uses
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Saturation Approach Another coil de
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Figure 3.5: Magnetic bias probe Cha
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Materials must be chemically compat
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Q.3.1 A coil's resistance is determ
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Q.3.7 The Q or merit of a coil is d
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Jackfruit Tree Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Electrical Conductivity σ In elect
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As previously discussed, conductivi
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Figure 4.1; Conductivity curve Char
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The coil's inductive reactance is r
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Effects of Heat Treatment on Conduc
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Permeability Permeability of any ma
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When increases in the magnetizing f
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Skin Effect Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Discussion Subject: Response to the
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Lift Off Electromagnetic coupling b
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Fill factor will always be a number
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Figure 4.4: Fill factor ratios When
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Example: Calculate the resultant lo
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Figure 1.8 is again useful to illus
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noi
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Q.4.4 A (?) prime factor affecting
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Q.4.10 Temperature changes, vibrati
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Test Frequencies It is the responsi
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Single Frequency Systems Unfortunat
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Eddy Current Density Since the sens
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Applicable Scenario Eddy Current De
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Standard Depth δ Formula The depth
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Example 1: As an example of how thi
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Frequency Selection - Ferromagnetic
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A frequency can always selected to
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Figure 5.1(a) shows the effect on p
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Figure 5.1: Effects of frequency ch
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Figure 5.2: Normalized impedance di
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Figure 5.3: Impedance variations ca
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Figure 5.4: Impedance variations ca
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Multiparameter Techniques It become
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Multiparameter Techniques - Multipl
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First, a frequency is selected to g
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More Reading on Characteristic Para
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Figure 1: Eddy Current Testing Char
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Figure 2: Types of Probes Charlie C
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Surface (Pancake) Probes Surface pr
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Encircling Probes Encircling probes
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Design of eddy current probes In mo
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In brief, probe design is usually d
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Analytical Approach (Pc & f g ) Ana
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RECENT TRENDS IN EDDY CURRENT PROBE
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Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (P
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Q.5.4 Calculate the limit frequency
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Page 273 and 274: Q5.9 A 25% deep crack open to the n
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Page 277 and 278: Eddy Current Instrumentation Most o
Page 279 and 280: Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
Page 281 and 282: Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Charl
Page 283 and 284: Figure 6.2: Four types of simple ed
Page 285 and 286: Figure 6.2(b) shows an impedance br
Page 287 and 288: Figure 6.2(d) illustrates a balanci
Page 289 and 290: Eddy current testing - Signal Analy
Page 291 and 292: Impedance Testing With impedance ma
Page 293 and 294: Phase Analysis Testing - Vector Poi
Page 295 and 296: Phase Analysis Testing - Ellipse As
Page 297 and 298: Figure 6.4: Cathode ray tube displa
Page 299 and 300: Figure 6.5: Screen image of a linea
Page 301 and 302: Impedance Plane Testing - Mode of O
Page 303 and 304: Figure 6.6: Null balance instrument
Page 305 and 306: Figure 6.7: Typical surface riding
Page 307 and 308: For deep subsurface crack detection
Page 309 and 310: Multiple circuits are used througho
Page 311 and 312: This type of digital instrumentatio
Page 315 and 316: Read Out Mechanisms - Audio Alarms
Page 317 and 318: An qualitative meter response could
Page 319 and 320: Figure 6.13: A qualitative analog m
Page 321: Read Out Mechanisms - Cathode Ray T
Page 325 and 326: Read Out Mechanisms - Computer Eddy
Page 329 and 330: Probe Delivery System Instead of mo
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Page 333 and 334: Q.6.1 Signal preparation is usually
Page 335 and 336: Q.6.7 Amplitude gates provide a tec
Page 337 and 338: Chapter 7 Eddy Current Applications
Page 339 and 340: Discontinuity Detection The theoret
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Page 353 and 354: Figure 7.2: Phase-to-depth calibrat
Page 355 and 356: The geometry of real discontinuitie
Page 357 and 358: Figure 7.5: A multifrequency applic
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Page 361 and 362: The reference specimen and its asso
Page 363 and 364: Dimensional Measurements Dimensiona
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Page 369 and 370: Alloy Sorting Alloy sorting can als
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Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Q.7.4 Using multifrequency techniqu
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Q.7.7 Response to multilayer varyin
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Chapter 8 Other Electromagnetic Tec
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Some other technologies that have b
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Alternating current field measureme
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Figure 8.1 shows the basic principl
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ACFM Principle Charlie Chong/ Fion
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ACFM Z X Bx =magnetic flux componen
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The technique in its simplest form
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Prima
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Figure 8.2: Equipment for magnetic
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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The most commonly used inservice in
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Magnetic Saturation Charlie Chong/
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The magnetization curve is not retr
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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Magnetic Flux Leakage The basic pri
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Magnetic Flux
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Special hybrid (driver/pick up) coi
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At distances in excess of two tube
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Figure 8.4: Remote field testing en
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Remote-Field Energy Zones - in remo
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Remote-Field Zone Transition Zone C
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RFT - Flux distribution in pipe (a)
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Remote Field Zone - The third defin
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Amplitude (voltage) - The remote fi
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RFT Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http:
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The Remote Field Technique is an el
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Remote Field Eddy Current Technique
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More Reading: RFT Remote Field Test
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These eddy currents, in turn, produ
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The Zones Direct Couple Zone The re
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RFT Probes Probes for inspection of
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RFT Signal Interpretation The signa
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RFT Reference Standards Reference s
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Q.8.4 A generally accepted definiti
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Q.8.8 The region of intense electro
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Chapter 9 Eddy Current Procedures,
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American Society for Testing and Ma
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Military Standard The United States
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EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION OF NONFERRO
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. Probe positioning and feeding sha
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3. Tube Inspection General (Refer t
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F. INSPECTION RESULTS AND DOCUMENTA
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G. REFERENCES The following documen
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Q.9.4 Military Standards are design
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Q.9.10 The system in QA3 is calibra
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More Reading http://www.allaboutcir
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Discussion Subject: discuss on the
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Inspection from the Tube OD Most AS
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Approximately 25 years ago, the AST
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One additional advantage of OD ECT
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The baseline eddy current test The
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There is no standard accept/reject
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Pulsed Eddy Currents Systems Charli
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Although still an active research f
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LOI (Lift-Off point of Intersection
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Gap Point : Similar to the LOI, the
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Driving Coil Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
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Hall effect sensors In opposition t
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Crack Detection using Pulsed Eddy C
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Fig. 1 (a) ARMANDA - Automated scan
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Fig. 2. Images of the Eddy current
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Reading 2: 4.9.2.3 Pulsed Eddy Curr
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Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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