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Comparison of OD and ID Eddy Current Inspection of Tubing Scope The Eddy Current test (ECT) test is the primary nondestructive test (NDT) used in tube mill certification testing for condenser, feedwater heater, and balance of plant (BOP) power generation tubing. When tested at the tube mill, the procedure is performed using encircling differential outside diameter (OD) coils. Such OD testing techniques are well accepted by industry and consumers alike. This technique has, in fact, been the standard tubing NDT practice for several decades and is incorporated into the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code. Details of this type of test and its advantages and limitations are defined in the HEI Tech Sheet #129. Although ultrasonic testing (UT), remote field testing (RFT) and flux leakage testing may be acceptable alternatives, they are only used when specified by the customer, or by a small number of product specifications such as ASTM B338. As a result, this document will only discuss the EC test. Once the tubing is manufactured, the owner or end user may specify an additional EC test using an ID probe. The purpose of this document is to describe the major differences between the two tests and what each is intended to accomplish. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.heatexchange.org/pdf/techsheets/TechSheet132.pdf
Inspection from the Tube OD Most ASTM and ASME tubular product specifications require a nondestructive electric test NDE. The NDE tests may include eddy current testing, ultrasonic testing, or flux leakage testing. The product specifications do not necessarily designate which of these three must be used, and unless agreed upon in the purchase order, the test choice is at the option of the tube producer. The test that is the quickest, with the highest reliability and provides good sensitivity for finding sharp, abrupt defects is the OD eddy current test. It is the overwhelming choice of both tube manufacturers and end users. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.heatexchange.org/pdf/techsheets/TechSheet132.pdf
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Electromagnetic Testing Study Guide
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E&P Applications Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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乱七八糟 - 随看随记 C
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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IVONA TTS Capable. Charlie Chong/ F
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EDDY CURRENT an Overview Descriptio
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Tangential Probe Charlie Chong/ Fio
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Electromagnetic Testing Advantages
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Factors Affecting Eddy Current Resp
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from this it can be seen that depth
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http://www.eng.morgan.edu/~hubert/I
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Robotic Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Measurement Techniques (EN!) a) Abs
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Figure 1.1 Arago’s Experiment Cha
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Oersted discovered the presence of
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Figure 1.3: Induced current electro
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://en
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The law of physics describing the p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://hy
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Magnetic Force The magnetic field B
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Generation of Eddy Currents When a
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Factors Affecting Inductance There
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COIL LENGTH: All other factors bein
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Coil Inductance L An approximation
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Note the direction of the primary c
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Generation of Eddy Current With a p
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Permeabil
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A Dual Variable inductors Figure 1:
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Figure 3: Here is another inductor
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Figure 4: The two inductors on this
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Grundig radio satellit 750 ■ http
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Figure 1.7: Phasor Diagram of Coil
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Current Density The distribution of
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Relative Magnetic Permeability Perm
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It should be observed at this point
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δ = (π x 100 x 10 3 x 4 x π x 0.
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Using 1.35 mm as depth x from surfa
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Standard Depth for Different Conduc
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Current (?) Lagging Voltage lagging
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σº∙πμ■δ∝∞ωΩθ√ρβ
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Figure 1.9 should be used as a rela
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Figure 1.8: Relative eddy current d
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Q.1.1 Generation of eddy currents d
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Q.1.5 Eddy current generated a test
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Q.1.9 Refer to Figure1.9 using exam
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Chapter 2 The Coil Arrangements Cha
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Probe coils and probe coil forms ca
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Encircling Coils Encircling coil, o
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Discussion Subject; Encircling Coil
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Bobbin Coils Bobbin coil, inside di
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Figure 2.5: Test coil configuration
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Differential coils Differential coi
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Figure 2.6: External reference diff
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Figure 2.7: Hybrid coil (through tr
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Additional Coil Characteristics Coi
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Q.2.1 Differential coils are usuall
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Q.2.6 An absolute coil measurement
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The Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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As discussed earlier test coil desi
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Demonstration model of a moving iro
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Thus, the resistance of a 10 ft len
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SPECIFIC RESISTANCE OR RESISTIVITY
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Problem: What is the resistance of
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The inductance of a multilayer air
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Example: A coil whose dimensions ar
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Example: Using the 32 μH coil calc
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Impedance To explain the addition o
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Maximum transfer of power is accomp
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Rectangular Notation Because reacta
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Vectors With Polar Notations. Stand
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Rectangular Notation - Prefix “j
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Imaginary Component In “rectangul
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Imaginary Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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To convert from rectangular to pola
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More Reading on Polar & Rectangular
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Eddy current coils with included im
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Permeability and Shielding Effects
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Another technique of shielding uses
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Saturation Approach Another coil de
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Figure 3.5: Magnetic bias probe Cha
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Materials must be chemically compat
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Q.3.1 A coil's resistance is determ
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Q.3.7 The Q or merit of a coil is d
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Jackfruit Tree Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Electrical Conductivity σ In elect
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As previously discussed, conductivi
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Figure 4.1; Conductivity curve Char
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The coil's inductive reactance is r
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Effects of Heat Treatment on Conduc
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Permeability Permeability of any ma
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When increases in the magnetizing f
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Skin Effect Charlie Chong/ Fion Zha
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Discussion Subject: Response to the
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Lift Off Electromagnetic coupling b
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Fill factor will always be a number
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Figure 4.4: Fill factor ratios When
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Example: Calculate the resultant lo
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Figure 1.8 is again useful to illus
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio Signal-to-noi
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Q.4.4 A (?) prime factor affecting
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Q.4.10 Temperature changes, vibrati
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Test Frequencies It is the responsi
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Single Frequency Systems Unfortunat
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Eddy Current Density Since the sens
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Applicable Scenario Eddy Current De
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Standard Depth δ Formula The depth
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Example 1: As an example of how thi
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Frequency Selection - Ferromagnetic
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A frequency can always selected to
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Figure 5.1(a) shows the effect on p
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Figure 5.1: Effects of frequency ch
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Figure 5.2: Normalized impedance di
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Figure 5.3: Impedance variations ca
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Figure 5.4: Impedance variations ca
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Multiparameter Techniques It become
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Multiparameter Techniques - Multipl
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First, a frequency is selected to g
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More Reading on Characteristic Para
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Figure 1: Eddy Current Testing Char
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Figure 2: Types of Probes Charlie C
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Surface (Pancake) Probes Surface pr
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Encircling Probes Encircling probes
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Design of eddy current probes In mo
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In brief, probe design is usually d
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Analytical Approach (Pc & f g ) Ana
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RECENT TRENDS IN EDDY CURRENT PROBE
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Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (P
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Q.5.4 Calculate the limit frequency
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Q.5.7 Primary resistance is subtrac
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Q5.9 A 25% deep crack open to the n
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Chapter 6 Instrument Systems Charli
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Eddy Current Instrumentation Most o
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Figure 6.1: Internal functions of t
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Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Charl
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Figure 6.2: Four types of simple ed
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Figure 6.2(b) shows an impedance br
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Figure 6.2(d) illustrates a balanci
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Eddy current testing - Signal Analy
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Impedance Testing With impedance ma
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Phase Analysis Testing - Vector Poi
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Phase Analysis Testing - Ellipse As
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Figure 6.4: Cathode ray tube displa
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Figure 6.5: Screen image of a linea
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Impedance Plane Testing - Mode of O
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Figure 6.6: Null balance instrument
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Figure 6.7: Typical surface riding
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For deep subsurface crack detection
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Multiple circuits are used througho
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This type of digital instrumentatio
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Read Out Mechanisms - Audio Alarms
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An qualitative meter response could
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Figure 6.13: A qualitative analog m
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Read Out Mechanisms - Cathode Ray T
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Figure 6.14: Numerical readouts/dig
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Read Out Mechanisms - Computer Eddy
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Probe Delivery System Instead of mo
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Chapter 6 Review Questions Charlie
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Q.6.1 Signal preparation is usually
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Q.6.7 Amplitude gates provide a tec
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Chapter 7 Eddy Current Applications
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Discontinuity Detection The theoret
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Heat Exchanger Charlie Chong/ Fion
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Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Heat Exchanger TSP Charlie Chong/ F
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Figure 7.2: Phase-to-depth calibrat
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The geometry of real discontinuitie
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Figure 7.5: A multifrequency applic
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Aerospace Applications Charlie Chon
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The reference specimen and its asso
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Dimensional Measurements Dimensiona
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Figure 7.6: A single frequency hard
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Conductivity Measurements Conductiv
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Alloy Sorting Alloy sorting can als
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In addition, it is advisable to hav
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Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Q.7.4 Using multifrequency techniqu
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Q.7.7 Response to multilayer varyin
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Chapter 8 Other Electromagnetic Tec
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Some other technologies that have b
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Alternating current field measureme
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Figure 8.1 shows the basic principl
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ACFM Principle Charlie Chong/ Fion
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ACFM Z X Bx =magnetic flux componen
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The technique in its simplest form
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Prima
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Figure 8.2: Equipment for magnetic
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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The most commonly used inservice in
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Magnetic Saturation Charlie Chong/
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The magnetization curve is not retr
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Charl
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Magnetic Flux Leakage The basic pri
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Magnetic Flux Leakage Magnetic Flux
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Special hybrid (driver/pick up) coi
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At distances in excess of two tube
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Figure 8.4: Remote field testing en
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Remote-Field Energy Zones - in remo
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Remote-Field Zone Transition Zone C
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RFT - Flux distribution in pipe (a)
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Remote Field Zone - The third defin
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Amplitude (voltage) - The remote fi
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Page 433 and 434: The Remote Field Technique is an el
Page 435 and 436: Remote Field Eddy Current Technique
Page 437 and 438: More Reading: RFT Remote Field Test
Page 439 and 440: These eddy currents, in turn, produ
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Page 443 and 444: RFT Probes Probes for inspection of
Page 445 and 446: RFT Signal Interpretation The signa
Page 447 and 448: RFT Reference Standards Reference s
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Page 451 and 452: Q.8.4 A generally accepted definiti
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Page 455 and 456: Chapter 9 Eddy Current Procedures,
Page 457 and 458: American Society for Testing and Ma
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Page 461 and 462: EDDY CURRENT INSPECTION OF NONFERRO
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Page 465 and 466: 3. Tube Inspection General (Refer t
Page 467 and 468: F. INSPECTION RESULTS AND DOCUMENTA
Page 469 and 470: G. REFERENCES The following documen
Page 471 and 472: Answers Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 473 and 474: Q.9.4 Military Standards are design
Page 475 and 476: Q.9.10 The system in QA3 is calibra
Page 477 and 478: More Reading http://www.allaboutcir
Page 479 and 480: Discussion Subject: discuss on the
Page 481: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 485 and 486: Approximately 25 years ago, the AST
Page 487 and 488: One additional advantage of OD ECT
Page 489 and 490: The baseline eddy current test The
Page 491 and 492: There is no standard accept/reject
Page 493 and 494: Pulsed Eddy Currents Systems Charli
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Page 499 and 500: Gap Point : Similar to the LOI, the
Page 501 and 502: Driving Coil Charlie Chong/ Fion Zh
Page 503 and 504: Hall effect sensors In opposition t
Page 505 and 506: Crack Detection using Pulsed Eddy C
Page 507 and 508: Fig. 1 (a) ARMANDA - Automated scan
Page 509 and 510: Fig. 2. Images of the Eddy current
Page 511 and 512: Reading 2: 4.9.2.3 Pulsed Eddy Curr
Page 513 and 514: Good Luck Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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