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The Scandinavian presence • 209 • Richards, J.D. et al., 1996. ‘The Viking barrow cemetery at Heath Wood, Ingleby, Derbyshire’, Medieval Archaeology 39, 51–70. Samson, R. (ed.) 1991. Social approaches to Viking studies. Glasgow: Cruithne Press. Sawyer, P.H., 1971. The age of the Vikings. London: Edward Arnold. Vince, A.G., 1990. Saxon London: an archaeological investigation. London: Seaby.
Chapter Twelve Landscapes of the Middle Ages Towns 1050–1500 John Schofield PRINCIPAL CHRONOLOGICAL SUB-DIVISIONS The period AD 1050–1500 in the British Isles is conventionally divided into three successive phases: 1 the development of towns and the countryside in a period of growth, 1050–1300; 2 the crises of the early and mid fourteenth-century, including the Black Death; 3 a long period of mixed fortunes from about 1350 to 1500, which comprised both decline for some towns and the rise of others, including in England the increasing dominance of London over a widening hinterland and a similar dominance in Scotland of Edinburgh. In the eleventh century, there were already many towns in Britain, though the majority were in England, where Domesday Book records 112 places called boroughs in 1086. They were based on royal residences, or trading settlements, or the defended places of Saxons or Danes in the ninth and tenth centuries (Hinton 1990, 82–105). Some major centres such as London, Lincoln and York had longer histories, being Roman foundations of the first century AD. In the towns, a period of comparative wealth and growth in the eleventh and twelfth centuries is illustrated by the range of civic and religious buildings that were constructed (Hinton 1990, 106–132; Platt 1978, 1–29). The great majority of urban defences in England and Wales, for instance, were built, or at least begun, before 1300. The Normans moved the seats of bishops to towns, which meant several new cathedrals, and established centres of secular authority. This usually meant the destruction of large areas of the Saxon towns to accommodate both cathedrals and castles (see Chapter 13). In the thirteenth century, the friars arrived in Britain seeking populous locations, and hospitals were founded in and around many urban places. Weekly markets in the smaller towns are mentioned in the twelfth but especially in the thirteenth centuries; sometimes the grant of the market itself is recorded. The fair, on the other hand, was a wider kind of market, usually held once a year and lasting for at least three days and sometimes for as long as six weeks. As the market was the centre for exchange within the neighbourhood, so the fair was the centre for foreign wares, brought from outside the locality. Between 1200 and 1500 about 2,800 grants of market were made by the English Crown, over half of them in the period 1200–75. Village markets and seasonal local fairs were augmented by weekly or bi-weekly markets held in centres of production, both existing towns and new towns. This was happening all over Europe, for instance in south-west France (the interface between the
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The Archaeology of Britain The Arch
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First published 1999 by Routledge 1
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• vi • Contents Chapter Eight R
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• viii • Figures 5.3 Ceramic ch
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• x • Figures 15.5 Garden and l
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• xii • Contributors Landscape
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Preface The idea for the approach t
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• 2 • Ian Ralston and John Hunt
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• 10 • Ian Ralston and John Hun
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Chapter Four The Neolithic period,
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• 96 • Timothy Champion For the
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• 114 • Colin Haselgrove votive
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• 136 • W.S.Hanson Table 8.1 Ev
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• 156 • W.S.Hanson Bibliography
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Chapter Fifteen The historical geog
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Chapter Sixteen The workshop of the
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• 282 • Kate Clark writing duri
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Index Illustrations are indicated b
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• 326 • Index St Andrews (Fife)
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• 328 • Index waggonways see tr
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