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Hunter-gatherers of the Mesolithic • 57 • Woodman, P., 1989. ‘A review of the Scottish Mesolithic: a plea for normality!’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 119, 1–32. Wymer, J.J., 1962. ‘Excavations at the Maglemosian sites at Thatcham, Berkshire, England’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 28, 329–361. Zvelebil, M., 1994. ‘Plant use in the Mesolithic and its role in the transition to farming’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 60, 35–74.
Chapter Four The Neolithic period, c.4000–2500/2200 BC Changing the world Alasdair Whittle SETTING THE SCENE In the earlier fourth millennium BC, in woodland near the River Avon, people dug a large pit and deposited in it food remains and artefacts: the bones from several cattle and roe deer, and at least one pig and two red deer; a few beaver and trout bones; some carbonized cereal grains, probably emmer wheat; flint tools and waste; and many broken sherds from about 40 pots (Richards 1990). This pit is at Coneybury, near Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire. It evokes many recurrent features of the earlier part of the Neolithic period: activity in areas probably not much frequented in the Mesolithic; a woodland setting; absence of residential structures and therefore probably a mobile lifestyle; occasional gatherings of people involving feasting and the use and deposition of novel forms of artefact; and the continuing use of animals and other wild resources alongside domesticated stock and cultivated cereals. Broadly contemporary with the Coneybury pit, other new features of the earlier Neolithic landscape in this and other regions appeared: shrines or tombs in elongated mounds, echoing the form of the great timber longhouses of the first Neolithic generations on the Continent and containing collections of assorted human bone; and ditched enclosures that defined special places for gathering and ritual, to commemorate the dead, to feast, and to celebrate the domesticity and sociality of the Neolithic world. By about 2500 BC, there were further changes in this area. Several more circular and linear enclosures had been built, the largest, the henge of Durrington Walls (Wiltshire), with a massive circular bank set outside its ditch, containing circular settings of timber uprights around and among which people continued the tradition of depositing food remains and artefacts (Wainwright 1989). By this time, according to radiocarbon determinations, the earthwork enclosure of Stonehenge had also been elaborated with stone settings at its centre in a permanent version of the contemporary timber settings of Durrington Walls and other sites (Cleal et al. 1995). This displays many features that recur during the later part of the Neolithic: signs of more people in the landscape, but still the absence of well-defined settlements; a considerable tradition of gatherings and monument building, referring to the past and elaborating the significance of chosen places; and a scale of monument building that raises the question of how such enterprise may have been organized and achieved. It has become commonplace to entitle chapters on this period ‘First farmers’ or ‘Settling down’, as though a new subsistence economy based on domesticated animals and cereals, and a
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The Archaeology of Britain The Arch
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First published 1999 by Routledge 1
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• vi • Contents Chapter Eight R
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• viii • Figures 5.3 Ceramic ch
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• x • Figures 15.5 Garden and l
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• xii • Contributors Landscape
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Preface The idea for the approach t
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• 2 • Ian Ralston and John Hunt
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• 4 • Ian Ralston and John Hunt
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Page 23 and 24: • 8 • Ian Ralston and John Hunt
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Page 51 and 52: • 36 • Steven Mithen substantia
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• 108 • Timothy Champion and re
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• 110 • Timothy Champion range
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• 112 • Timothy Champion Coles,
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• 114 • Colin Haselgrove votive
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• 116 • Colin Haselgrove Figure
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• 118 • Colin Haselgrove Figure
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• 120 • Colin Haselgrove ancill
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• 122 • Colin Haselgrove East A
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• 124 • Colin Haselgrove France
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• 126 • Colin Haselgrove As in
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• 128 • Colin Haselgrove distri
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• 130 • Colin Haselgrove From 1
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• 132 • Colin Haselgrove throug
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• 134 • Colin Haselgrove Stead,
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• 136 • W.S.Hanson Table 8.1 Ev
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• 138 • W.S.Hanson country are
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• 140 • W.S.Hanson eventually s
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• 142 • W.S.Hanson Figure 8.4 S
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• 144 • W.S.Hanson Figure 8.5 S
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• 146 • W.S.Hanson Westerton, P
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• 148 • W.S.Hanson Figure 8.8 A
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• 150 • W.S.Hanson around 1900,
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• 152 • W.S.Hanson provision of
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• 154 • W.S.Hanson Figure 8.11
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• 156 • W.S.Hanson Bibliography
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• 158 • Simon Esmonde Cleary th
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• 160 • Simon Esmonde Cleary pe
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• 162 • Simon Esmonde Cleary Fi
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• 164 • Simon Esmonde Cleary li
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• 166 • Simon Esmonde Cleary Ot
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• 168 • Simon Esmonde Cleary si
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• 170 • Simon Esmonde Cleary ra
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• 172 • Simon Esmonde Cleary si
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• 174 • Simon Esmonde Cleary th
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Chapter Ten Early Historic Britain
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• 178 • Catherine Hills retrosp
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• 180 • Catherine Hills and the
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• 182 • Catherine Hills Early m
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• 184 • Catherine Hills but the
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• 188 • Catherine Hills are har
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• 190 • Catherine Hills grave a
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• 192 • Catherine Hills Figure
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Chapter Eleven The Scandinavian pre
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• 196 • Julian D.Richards There
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• 200 • Julian D.Richards and a
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• 202 • Julian D.Richards by an
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• 204 • Julian D.Richards Figur
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• 206 • Julian D.Richards avail
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• 208 • Julian D.Richards stage
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Chapter Twelve Landscapes of the Mi
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• 212 • John Schofield Other to
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• 214 • John Schofield A second
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• 216 • John Schofield Suburbs
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• 218 • John Schofield archaeol
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• 220 • John Schofield continuo
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• 222 • John Schofield environm
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• 224 • John Schofield particul
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• 226 • John Schofield phenomen
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Chapter Thirteen Landscapes of the
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• 230 • Roberta Gilchrist until
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• 232 • Roberta Gilchrist multi
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• 234 • Roberta Gilchrist house
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• 236 • Roberta Gilchrist Figur
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• 238 • Roberta Gilchrist Welsh
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• 240 • Roberta Gilchrist The a
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• 242 • Roberta Gilchrist refer
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• 244 • Roberta Gilchrist bowl,
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• 246 • Roberta Gilchrist Aston
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• 248 • Paul Stamper peasants.
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• 250 • Paul Stamper The first
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• 252 • Paul Stamper Astill 198
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• 254 • Paul Stamper Figure 14.
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• 256 • Paul Stamper carpenters
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• 258 • Paul Stamper ‘open’
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• 260 • Paul Stamper replanning
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• 262 • Paul Stamper projects (
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Chapter Fifteen The historical geog
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• 266 • Ian Whyte villages—te
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• 268 • Ian Whyte Figure 15.2 M
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• 270 • Ian Whyte LANDSCAPE App
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• 272 • Ian Whyte gardens had b
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• 274 • Ian Whyte The need of i
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• 276 • Ian Whyte TOWNSCAPES Ur
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• 278 • Ian Whyte Buxton, Derby
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Chapter Sixteen The workshop of the
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• 282 • Kate Clark writing duri
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• 284 • Kate Clark Industrial a
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• 286 • Kate Clark Archaeologic
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• 288 • Kate Clark nevertheless
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• 290 • Kate Clark production t
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• 292 • Kate Clark Some rivers
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• 294 • Kate Clark however, can
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• 296 • Kate Clark have the maj
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• 298 • Timothy Darvill never p
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• 300 • Timothy Darvill What un
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• 302 • Timothy Darvill authori
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• 304 • Timothy Darvill methodo
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• 308 • Timothy Darvill • Ass
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• 310 • Timothy Darvill cause t
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• 312 • Timothy Darvill Archaeo
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• 314 • Timothy Darvill its fut
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Index Illustrations are indicated b
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• 318 • Index period 187-8; Ang
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• 320 • Index Doarlish Cashen (
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• 322 • Index Helston (Corn), t
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• 324 • Index Mill Hill (Kent)
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• 326 • Index St Andrews (Fife)
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• 328 • Index waggonways see tr
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