Experiment Proposal - opera - Infn

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The general MTS approach is hardware-independent; therefore, it is possible to closely follow the technological evolution without changing the basic framework. The goal is to increase by one to two orders of magnitude the present scanning speed. Among the areas in which substantial upgrades can be obtained in a medium term period we quote • a new tracking method, essentially in the two horizontal dimensions, by superposing all the fields of view of one emulsion layer; the reconstruction in space is performed at the end; • a custom frame grabbing device, based on new commercial CMOS sensors, is being studied; it is a megapixel sensor, capable of <strong>opera</strong>ting at a tunable frame rate, up to 500 Hz; the amount of data (500 Mbyte/s) is difficult to handle by presently available frame grabbers; a dedicated electronic architecture is being studied; • a new, specially designed stage, capable of moving and stopping without appreciable oscillations at the foreseen high scanning rates; • a new wide field optics (for instance, a diameter of 400 µm of more) with good image quality; • an automatic device to replace and set the emulsion films into position on the microscope stage, without the need of human intervention. The solution of the problems related to each of the above points could lead to an increase of the overall scanning speed by a factor between two and ten with respect to the presently achieved values. Therefore the total gain between one and two orders of magnitude looks possible. Special care will be devoted to the data acquisition and handling (including a general database). In fact, due to the large quantity of data (both as input and output) any problem could have serious effects. 9.2.3 Future test beam measurements In the coming years, the OPERA collaboration will continue to need test beams and floor space at CERN for prototype testing and studies on ECC bricks and electronic trackers. The dimensions of the electronic detectors require a rather large floor space. The former CHARM II building seems to be suitable. The muon rates from the SPS West Area test beams are low. However, if the beam time is not limited this does not constitute a problem. In addition, a floor space in a hall of about 200 m 2 with a height of 10 m is required for assembly tests of prototypes detectors. The experience gained with the latest test beam periods has shown that both the X5 and X7 beams are suitable for studies of the brick response to electrons and muons. The beam features are well known and excellent particle identification and rate monitoring are available. Exposures with as few as 100 particles over the whole brick surface have been achieved. These beams are well suited for several short tests distributed over the year. For test experiments in which specific trigger conditions and extensive control of the beam line are needed, we plan to use the T7 or the T9 beam in the PS East Hall. As tentative scheme, in the forthcoming two years we will require the present setup in the CHARM II building as a permanent test facility, several short periods per year in the X5 and/or X7 beams for specific measurements of emulsion films and about one month running time per year in the PS T7 and/or T9 beam lines. 242
A test programme for emulsion brick components and studies of emulsion analysis techniques is underway. The outcome of the data analysis of the recent measurements may lead to other specific measurements, listed below together with their aim • Momentum measurement by multiple scattering Confirm the method for inclined tracks of different momenta and angle, tested with three ECC bricksexposedtoPSpions. • Electron identification and energy measurement Confirm the method by using electrons with different energy ranges; one brick has been exposed at CERN and its analysis is being started. • Detection of γ’s Test a method to detect π 0 ’s by reconstructing their mass, for the observation of the τ → ρν τ decay mode; an example of π 0 → 2γ observed in the ECC brick exposed in a test experiment has been shown in Fig. 127. • Identification of low momentum muons Validate the method described in Section 6, by an exposure of a brick to a low energy beam of muons and pions. • Alignment accuracy using low density cosmic-ray flux Confirm the design alignment accuracy and evaluate the minimun track density suitable for the procedure. 243
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CERN/SPSC 2000-028 SPSC/P318 LNGS P
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N. Bruski, S. Buontempo, F. Carbona
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Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Physi
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6.7.1 Multiple scattering analysis
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1 Introduction In this document we
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eactor experiments (KAMLAND [22], B
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difference being the nature of the
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The total energy of electrons and
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through the decay topology and its
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Figure 6: Simulated ν τ event wit
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particles above 10 MeV . One can se
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vertex position as predicted by the
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• stability and maintenance: no p
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Figure 11: Illustration of the vari
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Table 3: Expected numbers of τ and
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3 The CNGS neutrino beam 3.1 The be
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per year of operation because the S
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ν µ at GS (p.o.t. GeV m 2 ) -1 10
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Figure 19: Generated (continuous li
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Emulsion Film + 56 (Lead + Emulsion
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The mechanical properties of the fi
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Figure 24: Film thickness distribut
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contact at different temperature an
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Figure 27: Photograph of a minimum
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entry : 85 RMS: 0.060 15 10 5 0 0 d
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[micron] 2 1 0 -1 -2 [micron] 2 1 0
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een searching for old emulsion plat
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Figure 33: Thickness distribution f
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Figure 35: RMS distribution of 472
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Figure 37: Wall support structure.
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ensures a well defined brick positi
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Figure 41: Detail of the brick mani
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The strips are 6.7 m long, 2.6 cm w
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the effective maximal length (for p
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Table 7: Characteristics of the 64-
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photomultiplier to be tested diaphr
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modate from 512 up to 5180 fibres.
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The fast shaper has a high gain in
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The Ethernet capable device provide
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R&D already performed by the MINOS
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Figure 54: Isometric view of the di
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Figure 56: Magnetic field distribut
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RPC layout 8.00 m 8.75 m Figure 58:
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formance, it is presently foreseen
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Figure 61: Drift plane arrangement
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Figure 63: Schematic view of a XPC
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Figure 64: Acceleration spectrum fo
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Figure 65: The OPERA detector shown
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Table 9: Number of electronic chann
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Adjustable gain Channel 0 Sample &
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Trigger OUT IN Discri. Time Ref. PP
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Super Module 1 Super Module 2 Super
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5 Analysis of the electronic detect
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Track segments on both the emulsion
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5.5 Brick finding efficiency The se
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Wall finding efficiency 1 0.95 0.9
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The worst case leading to the lowes
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electromagnetic showering events an
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Studies on the strategies have star
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which may enter in such a compariso
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Figure 84: The total brick finding
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Figure 86: Charge determination of
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Figure 89: Muon momentum resolution
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Figure 91: Muon momentum resolution
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Reconstructed Pion Energy N Analog
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Figure 98: The difference between r
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By using the above running modes of
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µm EXP.: DONUT 3039/01910 MOD.:ECC
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emulsion film plastic foils and edg
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200micron base 50micron emulsion la
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Figure 106: Tracking efficiency of
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a base track on film 2 a penetratin
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Long decays, defined as a decay top
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more than 60 views/s recognising al
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Table 12: Basic numbers used to des
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an area that one S-UTS can process
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unit cell L=1300micron Pb plate ( 1
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We recall that the intrinsic positi
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Figure 116: The top histograms show
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The error on θ S due to both the s
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Figure 120: Fraction of pions which
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#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 γ γ ∆θ 4= |θ 5
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Figure 124: Energy resolution for e
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Figure 126: Efficiency for γ’s t
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7 Physics performance 7.1 Electron
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7.2 Muon identification efficiency
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Table 13: Muon identification effic
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Table 14: Brick finding efficiency
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The second result is obtained from
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Figure 134: Brick-to-brick connecti
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Figure 136: Distribution of τ deca
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For long decays the overall efficie
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The φ angle is expected to peak at
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Table 19: Summary of the kinematica
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known. Because of these uncertainti
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Table 21: Expected charm background
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π− e+ γ e- e+ e- γ π− Figur
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Page 197 and 198: Table 27: Expected numbers of τ an
Page 199 and 200: Table 28: Sensitivity at the 90% CL
Page 201 and 202: 7.6 Determination of the oscillatio
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Page 205 and 206: Table 30: Neural network recognitio
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Page 209 and 210: Table 31: Radioactivity measurement
Page 211 and 212: ick. There is approximately a facto
Page 213 and 214: Figure 152: A typical PMT response
Page 215 and 216: 1m π, µ 15 GeV/c mini-walls 1.6 m
Page 217 and 218: Electrons 1GeV/c 20mm Pb Number of
Page 219 and 220: tube. An Image Intensifier (II) by
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Page 223 and 224: HPD’s pixels (Fig. 162). The cook
Page 225 and 226: A complete system has been designed
Page 227 and 228: The acquisition system (VA-DAQ) use
Page 229 and 230: The upstream tracker T 1-3 between
Page 231 and 232: Figure 168: Distributions of the ap
Page 233 and 234: Figure 169: Example of a large-angl
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Page 237 and 238: 9.1.3 Wall support structures An al
Page 239 and 240: Nevertheless, the possibility to us
Page 241 and 242: Figure 174: (a) 3D view of the spec
Page 243 and 244: 9 p.e. and 6.9 p.e. at a distance f
Page 245: Figure 176: Neutrino induced charm
Page 249 and 250: The space requirements in the exper
Page 251 and 252: advance. The sets of scintillator s
Page 253 and 254: Task Name Start Finish Study of mai
Page 255 and 256: 11 Experimental infrastructure 11.1
Page 257 and 258: After the exposure to cosmic rays,
Page 259 and 260: on the size of these stations. A co
Page 261 and 262: Table 38: Expected contributions to
Page 263 and 264: the developed emulsions and to stan
Page 265 and 266: As the sensitivity is not limited b
Page 267 and 268: [26] M. Apollonio et al., Phys. Let
Page 269: [89] http : //tosca.web.cern.ch/T O
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