Experiment Proposal - opera - Infn

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4.5.1 Magnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 4.5.2 Inner Trackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.5.3 Precision trackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.6 General support structure and alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.7 Readout, trigger and DAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.7.1 DAQ overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.7.2 Data flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.7.3 Front end electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.7.4 Readout interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 4.7.5 Software trigger and real time analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5 Analysis of the electronic detectors data and brick finding 101 5.1 Event generators and cross sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 5.2 Detector simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.3 Reconstruction programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.4 Pattern recognition in the target and in the spectrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.5 Brick finding efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.5.1 Wall finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.5.2 Brick finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.5.3 Brick removal strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.5.4 Considerations on the vertex-brick finding efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.6 Muon charge and momentum determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 5.7 Shower energy measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6 Readout and data analysis of the ECC bricks 128 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2 Handling of the ECC bricks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.2.1 Cosmic ray exposure for film alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.2.2 Brick disassembly and emulsion film development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 6.2.3 Packing emulsion films for scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 6.3 The analysis stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.3.1 Vertex location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 6.3.2 ν τ candidate selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138 6.3.3 Full data taking of ν τ candidate events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141 6.4 Readout systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.4.1 The UTS and the S-UTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 6.4.2 Stations for emulsion film analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 6.5 Emulsion data stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.6 Momentum measurement by multiple scattering in the ECC bricks . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.6.1 Angular method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 6.6.2 Coordinate method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.6.3 Effect of hadronic interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.7 Electron identification and γ detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 2
6.7.1 Multiple scattering analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157 6.7.2 Shower analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 6.8 γ detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.9 Low momentum muon identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 7 Physics performance 165 7.1 Electron identification efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 7.2 Muon identification efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.3 τ detection efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.3.1 Trigger and brick finding efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.3.2 Geometrical efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.3.3 Vertex finding efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7.3.4 Brick-to-brick connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 7.3.5 Detection of a fake lepton at the primary vertex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 7.3.6 Short and long kink events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 7.3.7 Kink detection efficiency for long decays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 7.3.8 Detection efficiency for the e channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177 7.3.9 Detection efficiency for the µ channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 7.3.10 Detection efficiency for the h channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 7.3.11 Overall detection efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 7.4 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.4.1 ν τ prompt background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 7.4.2 Charm production and decay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 7.4.3 Background from π 0 and prompt electrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188 7.4.4 Background from muon scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 7.4.5 Hadron reinteractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191 7.5 Sensitivity to ν µ ↔ ν τ oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7.6 Determination of the oscillation parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 7.7 Additional physics subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7.7.1 Search for ν µ ↔ ν e oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 7.7.2 Oscillation search through NC/CC ratio measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 8 Test measurements and results 202 8.1 Measurements on ECC brick components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202 8.1.1 Emulsion films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.1.2 Lead radioactivity measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.2 Tests on electronic detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8.2.1 Prototype scintillator strip modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 8.2.2 Tests on brick finding with scintillator strip detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 8.2.3 Measurements with photodetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 8.2.4 Tests of RPC detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 8.2.5 Tests of electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 8.3 Measurement of the muon scattering background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 3
Page 1 and 2: CERN/SPSC 2000-028 SPSC/P318 LNGS P
Page 3 and 4: N. Bruski, S. Buontempo, F. Carbona
Page 5: Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Physi
Page 9 and 10: 1 Introduction In this document we
Page 11 and 12: eactor experiments (KAMLAND [22], B
Page 13 and 14: difference being the nature of the
Page 15 and 16: The total energy of electrons and
Page 17 and 18: through the decay topology and its
Page 19 and 20: Figure 6: Simulated ν τ event wit
Page 21 and 22: particles above 10 MeV . One can se
Page 23 and 24: vertex position as predicted by the
Page 25 and 26: • stability and maintenance: no p
Page 27 and 28: Figure 11: Illustration of the vari
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Expected numbers of τ and
Page 31 and 32: 3 The CNGS neutrino beam 3.1 The be
Page 33 and 34: per year of operation because the S
Page 35 and 36: ν µ at GS (p.o.t. GeV m 2 ) -1 10
Page 37 and 38: Figure 19: Generated (continuous li
Page 39 and 40: Emulsion Film + 56 (Lead + Emulsion
Page 41 and 42: The mechanical properties of the fi
Page 43 and 44: Figure 24: Film thickness distribut
Page 45 and 46: contact at different temperature an
Page 47 and 48: Figure 27: Photograph of a minimum
Page 49 and 50: entry : 85 RMS: 0.060 15 10 5 0 0 d
Page 51 and 52: [micron] 2 1 0 -1 -2 [micron] 2 1 0
Page 53 and 54: een searching for old emulsion plat
Page 55 and 56: Figure 33: Thickness distribution f
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 35: RMS distribution of 472
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 37: Wall support structure.
Page 61 and 62:
ensures a well defined brick positi
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 41: Detail of the brick mani
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The strips are 6.7 m long, 2.6 cm w
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the effective maximal length (for p
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Table 7: Characteristics of the 64-
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photomultiplier to be tested diaphr
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modate from 512 up to 5180 fibres.
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The fast shaper has a high gain in
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The Ethernet capable device provide
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R&D already performed by the MINOS
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Figure 54: Isometric view of the di
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Figure 56: Magnetic field distribut
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RPC layout 8.00 m 8.75 m Figure 58:
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formance, it is presently foreseen
Page 89 and 90:
Figure 61: Drift plane arrangement
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 63: Schematic view of a XPC
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 64: Acceleration spectrum fo
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Figure 65: The OPERA detector shown
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Table 9: Number of electronic chann
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Adjustable gain Channel 0 Sample &
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Trigger OUT IN Discri. Time Ref. PP
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Super Module 1 Super Module 2 Super
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5 Analysis of the electronic detect
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Track segments on both the emulsion
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5.5 Brick finding efficiency The se
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Wall finding efficiency 1 0.95 0.9
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The worst case leading to the lowes
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electromagnetic showering events an
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Studies on the strategies have star
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which may enter in such a compariso
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Figure 84: The total brick finding
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Figure 86: Charge determination of
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Figure 89: Muon momentum resolution
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Figure 91: Muon momentum resolution
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Reconstructed Pion Energy N Analog
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Figure 98: The difference between r
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By using the above running modes of
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µm EXP.: DONUT 3039/01910 MOD.:ECC
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emulsion film plastic foils and edg
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200micron base 50micron emulsion la
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Figure 106: Tracking efficiency of
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a base track on film 2 a penetratin
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Long decays, defined as a decay top
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more than 60 views/s recognising al
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Table 12: Basic numbers used to des
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an area that one S-UTS can process
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unit cell L=1300micron Pb plate ( 1
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We recall that the intrinsic positi
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Figure 116: The top histograms show
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The error on θ S due to both the s
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 120: Fraction of pions which
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#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 γ γ ∆θ 4= |θ 5
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 124: Energy resolution for e
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 126: Efficiency for γ’s t
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7 Physics performance 7.1 Electron
Page 171 and 172:
7.2 Muon identification efficiency
Page 173 and 174:
Table 13: Muon identification effic
Page 175 and 176:
Table 14: Brick finding efficiency
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The second result is obtained from
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 134: Brick-to-brick connecti
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 136: Distribution of τ deca
Page 183 and 184:
For long decays the overall efficie
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The φ angle is expected to peak at
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Table 19: Summary of the kinematica
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known. Because of these uncertainti
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Table 21: Expected charm background
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π− e+ γ e- e+ e- γ π− Figur
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Table 24: Estimates of the rate of
Page 197 and 198:
Table 27: Expected numbers of τ an
Page 199 and 200:
Table 28: Sensitivity at the 90% CL
Page 201 and 202:
7.6 Determination of the oscillatio
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measurement of the ratio between ν
Page 205 and 206:
Table 30: Neural network recognitio
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(mrad) 0.04 0.02 0 -0.02 -0.04 10 2
Page 209 and 210:
Table 31: Radioactivity measurement
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ick. There is approximately a facto
Page 213 and 214:
Figure 152: A typical PMT response
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1m π, µ 15 GeV/c mini-walls 1.6 m
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Electrons 1GeV/c 20mm Pb Number of
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tube. An Image Intensifier (II) by
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1 0 0 l = 1 1 .8 m N, p.e. 1 0 1 0
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HPD’s pixels (Fig. 162). The cook
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A complete system has been designed
Page 227 and 228:
The acquisition system (VA-DAQ) use
Page 229 and 230:
The upstream tracker T 1-3 between
Page 231 and 232:
Figure 168: Distributions of the ap
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Figure 169: Example of a large-angl
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multiple scattering, given the smal
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9.1.3 Wall support structures An al
Page 239 and 240:
Nevertheless, the possibility to us
Page 241 and 242:
Figure 174: (a) 3D view of the spec
Page 243 and 244:
9 p.e. and 6.9 p.e. at a distance f
Page 245 and 246:
Figure 176: Neutrino induced charm
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A test programme for emulsion brick
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The space requirements in the exper
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advance. The sets of scintillator s
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Task Name Start Finish Study of mai
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11 Experimental infrastructure 11.1
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After the exposure to cosmic rays,
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on the size of these stations. A co
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Table 38: Expected contributions to
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the developed emulsions and to stan
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As the sensitivity is not limited b
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[26] M. Apollonio et al., Phys. Let
Page 269:
[89] http : //tosca.web.cern.ch/T O
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