Investigating carotenoid loss after drying and storage of

More documents

Recommendations

Info

108 4. Ugandan field study Table 4-5: Total carotenoid losses related to drying time and weather conditions in open air drying of six OFSP cultivars in Uganda Trial Namulonge Luwero Wind Speed* (m/s) 5.4 (2.0) 5.1(2.4) T* (ºC) 32.0(1.8) 32.0(1.6) RH* (%) 31.7(12.6) 34.1(8.9) Solar Radiation* (W/m 2 ) 845.2(137.4) 752.3(277.9) Drying time on dryers (h) 4.9(0.2) 5.6(0.0) Total drying time** (h) 4.9 (0.2) 24.5(0.0) Total carotenoid loss (%) 14.8(4.2) 7.0(2.5) Mean (standard deviation); T=Temperature; RH= Relative Humidity. *These parameters were measured during the total drying time on dryers. One measurement was taken each half hour.**Including time under shelter at night and when raining. Mean Ejumula total carotenoid loss: 13.6 (4.7)% Because the samples from the two locations were not dried on the same day a comparison between the factors that influence the carotenoid losses is therefore not possible. Losses in carotenoids per cultivar in both locations are presented in Table 4-6. Table 4-6: Loss in carotenoids after open air sun-drying of different sweet potato cultivars Location /Variety Dry matter content in fresh roots (%) Total carotenoid content ("g.g -1 db) before drying Drying duration (h) Dry matter content after drying (%) Total carotenoid content ("g.g -1 db) after drying Namulonge Ejumula 31.5 300.5(5.1) 4.7 92.9 236.3(1.7) 21.4 Kakamega 32.1 107.9(1.2) 4.7 92.3 96.5(2.9) 10.6 SPK004/1 32.9 96.2(0.4) 4.7 92.6 84.4(2.2) 12.2 SPK004/1/1 30.3 78.5(6.1) 5.0 92.3 69.4(1.4) 11.6 SPK004/6 28.4 188.5(7.6) 5.2 92.4 160.0(2.3) 15.1 SPK004/6/6 28.8 172.9(1.9) 5.1 92.8 142.0(1.2) 17.9 Luwero Ejumula 32.4 223.1(4.3) 5.7 91.3 194.5(5.6) 12.8 Kakamega 32.7 94.7(3.3) 5.7 91.6 101.2(3.5) -6.8 # SPK004/1 31.7 47.9(1.5) 5.6 91.6 41.7(3.4) 13.0 SPK004/1/1 33.1 41.7(4.1) 5.6 91.7 42.2(1.0) -1.1 # SPK004/6 33.8 159.6(11.7) 5.6 91.6 152.7(2.9) 4.3 SPK004/6/6 22.8 168.1(2.3) 5.6 92.0 139.1(5.0) 17.2 *Mean; standard deviation is not given because
109 4. Ugandan field study values are in agreement with Bengsston et al. (2008) who described trans-β-carotene content varying between 108.1-261.9"g.g -1 on the same cultivars including Ejumula, Kakamega (SPK004), SPK004/1; SPK004/1; SPK004/6 and SPK004/6/6 more Sowola 9/94/9 also from the NaCRRI (Namulonge). There were significant differences in fresh chip carotenoid content (before drying) associated with location (two-way ANOVA; p
Page 1 and 2:
Investigating carotenoid loss after
Page 3 and 4:
DECLARATION I certify that this wor
Page 5 and 6:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply gratef
Page 7 and 8:
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.! LITERATURE REV
Page 9 and 10:
4.3.2! Effect of trial and sweet po
Page 11 and 12:
1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Introduction C
Page 13 and 14:
3 1. Literature review It is estima
Page 15 and 16:
5 1. Literature review food corresp
Page 17 and 18:
- the leaves that make energy and s
Page 19 and 20:
9 1. Literature review Uganda and M
Page 21 and 22:
11 1. Literature review communicati
Page 23 and 24:
13 1. Literature review soya grains
Page 25 and 26:
15 1. Literature review Drying is a
Page 27 and 28:
17 1. Literature review Modelling o
Page 29 and 30:
19 1. Literature review Other types
Page 31 and 32:
21 1. Literature review The perform
Page 33 and 34:
23 1. Literature review degradation
Page 35 and 36:
25 1. Literature review carotene an
Page 37 and 38:
27 1. Literature review (Rees, NRI,
Page 39 and 40:
29 1. Literature review red (>800 n
Page 41 and 42:
31 1. Literature review Figure 1-17
Page 43 and 44:
33 1. Literature review induced by
Page 45 and 46:
35 1. Literature review Enzymatic c
Page 47 and 48:
37 1. Literature review Volatile pr
Page 49 and 50:
39 1. Literature review Carotenoid
Page 51 and 52:
Table 1-5: Effect of type of proces
Page 53 and 54:
Comparison of losses in drying proc
Page 55 and 56:
45 1. Literature review observed we
Page 57 and 58:
47 1. Literature review Different p
Page 59 and 60:
Oxygen 49 1. Literature review Oxyg
Page 61 and 62:
51 1. Literature review the storage
Page 63 and 64:
2.2.2 Root samples 53 2. Assessment
Page 65 and 66:
2.2.5 Water activity 55 2. Assessme
Page 67 and 68: 57 2. Assessment of Methods below t
Page 69 and 70: 59 2. Assessment of Methods !-carot
Page 71 and 72: 61 2. Assessment of Methods indicat
Page 73 and 74: 63 2. Assessment of Methods were we
Page 75 and 76: 65 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
Page 77 and 78: 67 2. Assessment of Methods Intra-l
Page 79 and 80: 69 2. Assessment of Methods Signifi
Page 81 and 82: 71 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
Page 83 and 84: Content (µg/g) Content (µg/g) Con
Page 85 and 86: 75 2. Assessment of Methods way-ANO
Page 87 and 88: 77 2. Assessment of Methods puree.
Page 89 and 90: Percentage loss "a" redness 45% 40%
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 3. 81 3. Preliminary study
Page 93 and 94: 83 3. Preliminary study Figure 3-1:
Page 95 and 96: 85 3. Preliminary study Air velocit
Page 97 and 98: 3.2.10 Statistical analyses 87 3. P
Page 99 and 100: 89 3. Preliminary study because it
Page 101 and 102: Sample area (cm2) 91 3. Preliminary
Page 103 and 104: Figure 3-9: UV-Visible spectrum of
Page 105 and 106: 95 3. Preliminary study Mulokozi an
Page 107 and 108: 97 3. Preliminary study One hundred
Page 109 and 110: 99 4. Ugandan field study respectiv
Page 111 and 112: Transmittance (%) 101 4. Ugandan fi
Page 113 and 114: 4.2.5 Total carotenoids extraction
Page 115 and 116: 105 4. Ugandan field study The dryi
Page 117: 107 4. Ugandan field study individu
Page 121 and 122: 111 4. Ugandan field study caroteno
Page 123 and 124: 113 4. Ugandan field study observed
Page 125 and 126: 115 4. Ugandan field study OFSP chi
Page 127 and 128: 117 5. Mozambican field study carot
Page 129 and 130: 119 5. Mozambican field study kg (p
Page 131 and 132: 121 5. Mozambican field study Table
Page 135 and 136: Tot. carotenoid content (!g/g) Tot.
Page 137 and 138: 127 5. Mozambican field study 5.3.6
Page 139 and 140: a b c c 129 5. Mozambican field stu
Page 141 and 142: 131 5. Mozambican field study Table
Page 143 and 144: 133 5. Mozambican field study #-car
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 6. 137 6. Effect of pre-tre
Page 149 and 150: 139 6. Effect of pre-treatment out
Page 151 and 152: 141 6. Effect of pre-treatment afte
Page 153 and 154: 143 6. Effect of pre-treatment leve
Page 155 and 156: 145 6. Effect of pre-treatment Citr
Page 157 and 158: 147 6. Effect of pre-treatment trea
Page 159 and 160: 149 6. Effect of pre-treatment inte
Page 161 and 162: CHAPTER 7. 151 7. Involvement of en
Page 163 and 164: 7.2.2. pH measurement 153 7. Involv
Page 165 and 166: 155 7. Involvement of enzymes glyce
Page 167 and 168: 157 7. Involvement of enzymes Table
Page 169 and 170:
159 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
Page 171 and 172:
161 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
Page 173 and 174:
163 7. Involvement of enzymes Perox
Page 175 and 176:
CHAPTER 8. 165 8. Study under contr
Page 177 and 178:
Kilner jar (with metal lever catch
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 8-2: Storage system for wate
Page 181 and 182:
8.2.4 Carotenoid analyses 171 8. St
Page 183 and 184:
8.3 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 8.3.1 Samp
Page 185 and 186:
175 8. Study under controlled condi
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
k (day-1) k (day-1) 0.10 0.08 0.06
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND F
Page 207 and 208:
197 9. Discussion carotene loss aft
Page 209 and 210:
199 9. Discussion total carotenoids
Page 211 and 212:
9.4.2 Varietal influence 201 9. Dis
Page 213 and 214:
203 9. Discussion 2008). The side e
Page 215 and 216:
205 9. Discussion Absence of cis-is
Page 217 and 218:
207 9. Discussion (Chapter 7). Howe
Page 219 and 220:
209 9. Discussion of these cultivar
Page 221 and 222:
References 211 References Aguayo, V
Page 223 and 224:
213 References Bechoff, A., Dhuique
Page 225 and 226:
215 References Chen, H.E., Peng, H.
Page 227 and 228:
DIAS (2006) Semi-Annual and Annual
Page 229 and 230:
219 References Tropical Agriculture
Page 231 and 232:
221 References has a positive effec
Page 233 and 234:
223 References Kamiya N. and Nagamu
Page 235 and 236:
Lee, S.B. and Kim, K.J. (1995) Effe
Page 237 and 238:
227 References Mills, R.C. and Hart
Page 239 and 240:
Nestel, P., Bouis, H.E., Meenakshi,
Page 241 and 242:
231 References Preston, C.M. and Ba
Page 243 and 244:
Simon, P.W. (1997) Plant pigments f
Page 245 and 246:
235 References Tran, T.H., Nguyen,
Page 247 and 248:
237 References Walter, W.M., Purcel
Page 249 and 250:
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A
Page 251 and 252:
Arrhenius model: = ∞ − Ea RT ek
Page 253 and 254:
242 Appendix 1 B/Calculation of Arr
Page 255 and 256:
Temperature is integrated for each
Page 257 and 258:
2) Integration of temperature in Ug
Page 259 and 260:
Appendix 2b: Dryers cost in Lualua,
Page 261 and 262:
250 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
Page 263 and 264:
252 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
Page 265 and 266:
Open air flat and sloped dryers 254
Page 267 and 268:
Appendix 3: Total carotenoids metho
Page 269 and 270:
4. Partition - Pour 40 ml of Petrol
Page 271 and 272:
Publications: Publications, award a
show all

Investigating carotenoid loss after drying and storage of

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?