Investigating carotenoid loss after drying and storage of

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128 5. Mozambican field study sweet potato roots of IAC 60-M-3-Brasilia and Resisto varieties. Colour of the flours from MGCL01 and Resisto varieties submitted to various drying treatments (tunnel, open or shade dryers) and three chippings (new, old chipper and traditional slices) was correlated to carotenoid content for each trial (Figure 5-4). A significant correlation between a* redness and carotenoid content (16-408 µg.g -1 dry basis) was obtained (R=0.951; n=51; p
a b c c 129 5. Mozambican field study Figure 5-5: HPLC chromatograms at 450nm of the carotenoids of sliced Resisto OFSP after drying (A) and after 120 days storage (B). a: Possibly -β-carotene-5,6,5’,6’-diepoxide (23 min.) (414; 440; 468nm); b: Possibly -β-carotene-5,6,5’,8’diepoxide (24 min.) (400; 422; 450nm); c: unidentified (25 min.) (406; 424; 450nm); 1: Possibly 13-cis-βcarotene-5,6 epoxide (29min.) (main wavelengths: 416; 439; 476nm); 2: possibly β-carotene-5,6 epoxide (30min.) (422;446; 472nm); 2’: non-identified (31min.) (452nm); 3: possibly β-carotene-5,8 epoxide (32min.) (406;428; 452nm); 4&5: unidentified; 6: 13-cisβ-carotene (34min.) (338;422;444; 472nm); 7: all-trans-βcarotene (37min.) (452; 478nm); 8: possibly 9 cis-β-carotene (39min.) (446; 472nm); 9: unidentified (39.5min) (446; 474nm) 1 2 1 2 3 3 2’ 6 4 5 6 4 5 7 7 8 9 8 9
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Investigating carotenoid loss after
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DECLARATION I certify that this wor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply gratef
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.! LITERATURE REV
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4.3.2! Effect of trial and sweet po
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1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Introduction C
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3 1. Literature review It is estima
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5 1. Literature review food corresp
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- the leaves that make energy and s
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9 1. Literature review Uganda and M
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11 1. Literature review communicati
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13 1. Literature review soya grains
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15 1. Literature review Drying is a
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17 1. Literature review Modelling o
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19 1. Literature review Other types
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21 1. Literature review The perform
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23 1. Literature review degradation
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25 1. Literature review carotene an
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27 1. Literature review (Rees, NRI,
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29 1. Literature review red (>800 n
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31 1. Literature review Figure 1-17
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33 1. Literature review induced by
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35 1. Literature review Enzymatic c
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37 1. Literature review Volatile pr
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39 1. Literature review Carotenoid
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Table 1-5: Effect of type of proces
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Comparison of losses in drying proc
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45 1. Literature review observed we
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47 1. Literature review Different p
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Oxygen 49 1. Literature review Oxyg
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51 1. Literature review the storage
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2.2.2 Root samples 53 2. Assessment
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2.2.5 Water activity 55 2. Assessme
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57 2. Assessment of Methods below t
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59 2. Assessment of Methods !-carot
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61 2. Assessment of Methods indicat
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63 2. Assessment of Methods were we
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65 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
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67 2. Assessment of Methods Intra-l
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69 2. Assessment of Methods Signifi
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71 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
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Content (µg/g) Content (µg/g) Con
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75 2. Assessment of Methods way-ANO
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Page 89 and 90: Percentage loss "a" redness 45% 40%
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 3. 81 3. Preliminary study
Page 93 and 94: 83 3. Preliminary study Figure 3-1:
Page 95 and 96: 85 3. Preliminary study Air velocit
Page 97 and 98: 3.2.10 Statistical analyses 87 3. P
Page 99 and 100: 89 3. Preliminary study because it
Page 101 and 102: Sample area (cm2) 91 3. Preliminary
Page 103 and 104: Figure 3-9: UV-Visible spectrum of
Page 105 and 106: 95 3. Preliminary study Mulokozi an
Page 107 and 108: 97 3. Preliminary study One hundred
Page 109 and 110: 99 4. Ugandan field study respectiv
Page 111 and 112: Transmittance (%) 101 4. Ugandan fi
Page 113 and 114: 4.2.5 Total carotenoids extraction
Page 115 and 116: 105 4. Ugandan field study The dryi
Page 117 and 118: 107 4. Ugandan field study individu
Page 119 and 120: 109 4. Ugandan field study values a
Page 121 and 122: 111 4. Ugandan field study caroteno
Page 123 and 124: 113 4. Ugandan field study observed
Page 125 and 126: 115 4. Ugandan field study OFSP chi
Page 127 and 128: 117 5. Mozambican field study carot
Page 129 and 130: 119 5. Mozambican field study kg (p
Page 131 and 132: 121 5. Mozambican field study Table
Page 135 and 136: Tot. carotenoid content (!g/g) Tot.
Page 137: 127 5. Mozambican field study 5.3.6
Page 141 and 142: 131 5. Mozambican field study Table
Page 143 and 144: 133 5. Mozambican field study #-car
Page 147 and 148: CHAPTER 6. 137 6. Effect of pre-tre
Page 149 and 150: 139 6. Effect of pre-treatment out
Page 151 and 152: 141 6. Effect of pre-treatment afte
Page 153 and 154: 143 6. Effect of pre-treatment leve
Page 155 and 156: 145 6. Effect of pre-treatment Citr
Page 157 and 158: 147 6. Effect of pre-treatment trea
Page 159 and 160: 149 6. Effect of pre-treatment inte
Page 161 and 162: CHAPTER 7. 151 7. Involvement of en
Page 163 and 164: 7.2.2. pH measurement 153 7. Involv
Page 165 and 166: 155 7. Involvement of enzymes glyce
Page 167 and 168: 157 7. Involvement of enzymes Table
Page 169 and 170: 159 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
Page 171 and 172: 161 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
Page 173 and 174: 163 7. Involvement of enzymes Perox
Page 175 and 176: CHAPTER 8. 165 8. Study under contr
Page 177 and 178: Kilner jar (with metal lever catch
Page 179 and 180: Figure 8-2: Storage system for wate
Page 181 and 182: 8.2.4 Carotenoid analyses 171 8. St
Page 183 and 184: 8.3 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 8.3.1 Samp
Page 185 and 186: 175 8. Study under controlled condi
Page 187 and 188: 177 8. Study under controlled condi
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179 8. Study under controlled condi
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k (day-1) k (day-1) 0.10 0.08 0.06
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CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND F
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197 9. Discussion carotene loss aft
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199 9. Discussion total carotenoids
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9.4.2 Varietal influence 201 9. Dis
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203 9. Discussion 2008). The side e
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205 9. Discussion Absence of cis-is
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207 9. Discussion (Chapter 7). Howe
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209 9. Discussion of these cultivar
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References 211 References Aguayo, V
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213 References Bechoff, A., Dhuique
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215 References Chen, H.E., Peng, H.
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DIAS (2006) Semi-Annual and Annual
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219 References Tropical Agriculture
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221 References has a positive effec
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223 References Kamiya N. and Nagamu
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Lee, S.B. and Kim, K.J. (1995) Effe
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227 References Mills, R.C. and Hart
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Nestel, P., Bouis, H.E., Meenakshi,
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231 References Preston, C.M. and Ba
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Simon, P.W. (1997) Plant pigments f
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235 References Tran, T.H., Nguyen,
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237 References Walter, W.M., Purcel
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A
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Arrhenius model: = ∞ − Ea RT ek
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242 Appendix 1 B/Calculation of Arr
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Temperature is integrated for each
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2) Integration of temperature in Ug
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Appendix 2b: Dryers cost in Lualua,
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250 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
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252 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
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Open air flat and sloped dryers 254
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Appendix 3: Total carotenoids metho
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4. Partition - Pour 40 ml of Petrol
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Publications: Publications, award a
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