Investigating carotenoid loss after drying and storage of

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Transmittance (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 200 230 260 290 320 350 380 410 440 470 500 530 560 590 620 650 680 710 740 770 800 Wavelength (nm) 78 2. Assessment of Methods Figure 2-8: Transmittance of various polythene sheeting between 200-800 nm Lumitherm Red Smart Blue Sterilite Clear SS Green Dark Blue UV resistant polythenes were Lumitherm, Smart Blue, Sterilite. Red and Green simple polythene stopped also wavelengths lower than 500 nm in visible. Dark Blue did not transmit most of light. On the other hand Clear Super Strength transmitted at all wavelength. The same plastics were tested using sweet potato flour under artificial sun light. Rubina® OFSP flour (1.5 g) in Petri box was exposed to artificial sun light spectrum radiation (Sun Test CPS Model) for 30 minutes (level energy Sun test: 5 cal.(20.9 J); total irradiance 76.2 W/m 2 ) with or without polythene coverage. Colour reading on flour was recorded with CR200 chromameter after samples have cooled down. Colour loss was determined by comparison with flour before exposure. L* and b* values did not exhibited a very clear profile. a* values are shown in Figure 2-9.
Percentage loss "a" redness 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Open Green Lumitherm Red Smart Blue 79 Sterilite Dark Blue 2. Assessment of Methods Clear SS Figure 2-9: Loss of red colour of OFSP flour sample under different polythene coverage. Sun-test exposure was carried out in duplicate. There were significant differences between non-exposed (control) and exposed flours (one way-ANOVA; p
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Investigating carotenoid loss after
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DECLARATION I certify that this wor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply gratef
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.! LITERATURE REV
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4.3.2! Effect of trial and sweet po
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1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Introduction C
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3 1. Literature review It is estima
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5 1. Literature review food corresp
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- the leaves that make energy and s
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9 1. Literature review Uganda and M
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11 1. Literature review communicati
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13 1. Literature review soya grains
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15 1. Literature review Drying is a
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17 1. Literature review Modelling o
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19 1. Literature review Other types
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21 1. Literature review The perform
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23 1. Literature review degradation
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25 1. Literature review carotene an
Page 37 and 38: 27 1. Literature review (Rees, NRI,
Page 39 and 40: 29 1. Literature review red (>800 n
Page 41 and 42: 31 1. Literature review Figure 1-17
Page 43 and 44: 33 1. Literature review induced by
Page 45 and 46: 35 1. Literature review Enzymatic c
Page 47 and 48: 37 1. Literature review Volatile pr
Page 49 and 50: 39 1. Literature review Carotenoid
Page 51 and 52: Table 1-5: Effect of type of proces
Page 53 and 54: Comparison of losses in drying proc
Page 55 and 56: 45 1. Literature review observed we
Page 57 and 58: 47 1. Literature review Different p
Page 59 and 60: Oxygen 49 1. Literature review Oxyg
Page 61 and 62: 51 1. Literature review the storage
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2 Root samples 53 2. Assessment
Page 65 and 66: 2.2.5 Water activity 55 2. Assessme
Page 67 and 68: 57 2. Assessment of Methods below t
Page 69 and 70: 59 2. Assessment of Methods !-carot
Page 71 and 72: 61 2. Assessment of Methods indicat
Page 73 and 74: 63 2. Assessment of Methods were we
Page 75 and 76: 65 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
Page 77 and 78: 67 2. Assessment of Methods Intra-l
Page 79 and 80: 69 2. Assessment of Methods Signifi
Page 81 and 82: 71 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
Page 83 and 84: Content (µg/g) Content (µg/g) Con
Page 85 and 86: 75 2. Assessment of Methods way-ANO
Page 87: 77 2. Assessment of Methods puree.
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 3. 81 3. Preliminary study
Page 93 and 94: 83 3. Preliminary study Figure 3-1:
Page 95 and 96: 85 3. Preliminary study Air velocit
Page 97 and 98: 3.2.10 Statistical analyses 87 3. P
Page 99 and 100: 89 3. Preliminary study because it
Page 101 and 102: Sample area (cm2) 91 3. Preliminary
Page 103 and 104: Figure 3-9: UV-Visible spectrum of
Page 105 and 106: 95 3. Preliminary study Mulokozi an
Page 107 and 108: 97 3. Preliminary study One hundred
Page 109 and 110: 99 4. Ugandan field study respectiv
Page 111 and 112: Transmittance (%) 101 4. Ugandan fi
Page 113 and 114: 4.2.5 Total carotenoids extraction
Page 115 and 116: 105 4. Ugandan field study The dryi
Page 117 and 118: 107 4. Ugandan field study individu
Page 119 and 120: 109 4. Ugandan field study values a
Page 121 and 122: 111 4. Ugandan field study caroteno
Page 123 and 124: 113 4. Ugandan field study observed
Page 125 and 126: 115 4. Ugandan field study OFSP chi
Page 127 and 128: 117 5. Mozambican field study carot
Page 129 and 130: 119 5. Mozambican field study kg (p
Page 131 and 132: 121 5. Mozambican field study Table
Page 133 and 134: 123 5. Mozambican field study carot
Page 135 and 136: Tot. carotenoid content (!g/g) Tot.
Page 137 and 138: 127 5. Mozambican field study 5.3.6
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a b c c 129 5. Mozambican field stu
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131 5. Mozambican field study Table
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133 5. Mozambican field study #-car
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135 5. Mozambican field study carot
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CHAPTER 6. 137 6. Effect of pre-tre
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139 6. Effect of pre-treatment out
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141 6. Effect of pre-treatment afte
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143 6. Effect of pre-treatment leve
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145 6. Effect of pre-treatment Citr
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147 6. Effect of pre-treatment trea
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149 6. Effect of pre-treatment inte
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CHAPTER 7. 151 7. Involvement of en
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7.2.2. pH measurement 153 7. Involv
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155 7. Involvement of enzymes glyce
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157 7. Involvement of enzymes Table
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159 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
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161 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
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163 7. Involvement of enzymes Perox
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CHAPTER 8. 165 8. Study under contr
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Kilner jar (with metal lever catch
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Figure 8-2: Storage system for wate
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8.2.4 Carotenoid analyses 171 8. St
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8.3 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 8.3.1 Samp
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175 8. Study under controlled condi
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k (day-1) k (day-1) 0.10 0.08 0.06
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CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND F
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197 9. Discussion carotene loss aft
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199 9. Discussion total carotenoids
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9.4.2 Varietal influence 201 9. Dis
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203 9. Discussion 2008). The side e
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205 9. Discussion Absence of cis-is
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207 9. Discussion (Chapter 7). Howe
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209 9. Discussion of these cultivar
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References 211 References Aguayo, V
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213 References Bechoff, A., Dhuique
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215 References Chen, H.E., Peng, H.
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DIAS (2006) Semi-Annual and Annual
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219 References Tropical Agriculture
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221 References has a positive effec
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223 References Kamiya N. and Nagamu
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Lee, S.B. and Kim, K.J. (1995) Effe
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227 References Mills, R.C. and Hart
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Nestel, P., Bouis, H.E., Meenakshi,
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231 References Preston, C.M. and Ba
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Simon, P.W. (1997) Plant pigments f
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235 References Tran, T.H., Nguyen,
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237 References Walter, W.M., Purcel
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A
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Arrhenius model: = ∞ − Ea RT ek
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242 Appendix 1 B/Calculation of Arr
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Temperature is integrated for each
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2) Integration of temperature in Ug
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Appendix 2b: Dryers cost in Lualua,
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250 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
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252 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
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Open air flat and sloped dryers 254
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Appendix 3: Total carotenoids metho
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4. Partition - Pour 40 ml of Petrol
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