Investigating carotenoid loss after drying and storage of

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CHAPTER 2. 52 2. Assessment of Methods DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF METHODS 2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents general methods for drying, storing OFSP and analysing the carotenoid content. Some of the methods have been assessed for this specific thesis study. These assessments were necessary to give a reliable basis for the further quantification of carotenoid losses. 2.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ROOT MATERIAL, DRYING AND STORAGE PROCESSES 2.2.1 Flow chart of sweet potato drying and storing The different stages of the drying of sweet potato and storage are reported in Figure 2-1. Sweet potato root Trimming Washing Draining Chipping Drying Conditioning Storing Dried sweet potato Carotenoid analysis on roots Carotenoid analysis on fresh chips Carotenoid analysis on dried chips Carotenoid analysis on dried & stored chips Figure 2-1: Flow chart of dried sweet potato production and carotenoid analysis
2.2.2 Root samples 53 2. Assessment of Methods Roots samples used in this research were collected locally when working in the field (Mozambique or Uganda) or imported when working in France or UK (Table 2-1). Table 2-1: Sweet potato varieties used in the different experiments (flesh colour, origin country, and planting, drying and storage and laboratory analysis of carotenoid content) Name Rubina ® Agrexo Beauregard Agrexo Flesh colour Red USA Red Israel Covington Red USA Süsskartoffeln Red Israel Resisto Red USA Origin Planting USA /imported Israel /imported USA /imported Israel /imported Uganda, Mozambique Drying & Storing Lab. analysis Thesis Chapter France France 2, 3 France France 2, 3 UK UK 2 - UK 7 Mozambique Ejumula Deep orange Eastern Uganda Uganda UK, Uganda MGCL01 Deep orange - Mozambique Mozambique SPK004/6 Orange Bred from Uganda Uganda SPK004/6/6 Orange SPK004- Uganda Uganda Uganda Kakamega (SPK004) Light orange Yellow Western Kenya Uganda Uganda SPK004/1 /light orange Bred from Uganda Uganda Yellow SPK004- SPK004/1/1 /light orange Uganda Uganda Uganda Naspot 1 Yellow Uganda Uganda Uganda UK 5 UK, Uganda 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 UK 5 UK, Uganda UK, Uganda UK, Uganda UK, Uganda UK, Uganda UK, Uganda OFSP varieties imported from USA (Rubina®) or Israel (Beauregard) were supplied by the Agrexco platform which was supplied by the Carmel Rungis company in Montpellier, France. Covington variety grown in South Carolina was bought from 4 4 4 4 4 4
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Investigating carotenoid loss after
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DECLARATION I certify that this wor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply gratef
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.! LITERATURE REV
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4.3.2! Effect of trial and sweet po
Page 11 and 12: 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Introduction C
Page 13 and 14: 3 1. Literature review It is estima
Page 15 and 16: 5 1. Literature review food corresp
Page 17 and 18: - the leaves that make energy and s
Page 19 and 20: 9 1. Literature review Uganda and M
Page 21 and 22: 11 1. Literature review communicati
Page 23 and 24: 13 1. Literature review soya grains
Page 25 and 26: 15 1. Literature review Drying is a
Page 27 and 28: 17 1. Literature review Modelling o
Page 29 and 30: 19 1. Literature review Other types
Page 31 and 32: 21 1. Literature review The perform
Page 33 and 34: 23 1. Literature review degradation
Page 35 and 36: 25 1. Literature review carotene an
Page 37 and 38: 27 1. Literature review (Rees, NRI,
Page 39 and 40: 29 1. Literature review red (>800 n
Page 41 and 42: 31 1. Literature review Figure 1-17
Page 43 and 44: 33 1. Literature review induced by
Page 45 and 46: 35 1. Literature review Enzymatic c
Page 47 and 48: 37 1. Literature review Volatile pr
Page 49 and 50: 39 1. Literature review Carotenoid
Page 51 and 52: Table 1-5: Effect of type of proces
Page 53 and 54: Comparison of losses in drying proc
Page 55 and 56: 45 1. Literature review observed we
Page 57 and 58: 47 1. Literature review Different p
Page 59 and 60: Oxygen 49 1. Literature review Oxyg
Page 61: 51 1. Literature review the storage
Page 65 and 66: 2.2.5 Water activity 55 2. Assessme
Page 67 and 68: 57 2. Assessment of Methods below t
Page 69 and 70: 59 2. Assessment of Methods !-carot
Page 71 and 72: 61 2. Assessment of Methods indicat
Page 73 and 74: 63 2. Assessment of Methods were we
Page 75 and 76: 65 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
Page 77 and 78: 67 2. Assessment of Methods Intra-l
Page 79 and 80: 69 2. Assessment of Methods Signifi
Page 81 and 82: 71 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
Page 83 and 84: Content (µg/g) Content (µg/g) Con
Page 85 and 86: 75 2. Assessment of Methods way-ANO
Page 87 and 88: 77 2. Assessment of Methods puree.
Page 89 and 90: Percentage loss "a" redness 45% 40%
Page 91 and 92: CHAPTER 3. 81 3. Preliminary study
Page 93 and 94: 83 3. Preliminary study Figure 3-1:
Page 95 and 96: 85 3. Preliminary study Air velocit
Page 97 and 98: 3.2.10 Statistical analyses 87 3. P
Page 99 and 100: 89 3. Preliminary study because it
Page 101 and 102: Sample area (cm2) 91 3. Preliminary
Page 103 and 104: Figure 3-9: UV-Visible spectrum of
Page 105 and 106: 95 3. Preliminary study Mulokozi an
Page 107 and 108: 97 3. Preliminary study One hundred
Page 109 and 110: 99 4. Ugandan field study respectiv
Page 111 and 112: Transmittance (%) 101 4. Ugandan fi
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4.2.5 Total carotenoids extraction
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105 4. Ugandan field study The dryi
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107 4. Ugandan field study individu
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109 4. Ugandan field study values a
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111 4. Ugandan field study caroteno
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113 4. Ugandan field study observed
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115 4. Ugandan field study OFSP chi
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117 5. Mozambican field study carot
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119 5. Mozambican field study kg (p
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121 5. Mozambican field study Table
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Tot. carotenoid content (!g/g) Tot.
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127 5. Mozambican field study 5.3.6
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a b c c 129 5. Mozambican field stu
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131 5. Mozambican field study Table
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133 5. Mozambican field study #-car
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CHAPTER 6. 137 6. Effect of pre-tre
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139 6. Effect of pre-treatment out
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141 6. Effect of pre-treatment afte
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143 6. Effect of pre-treatment leve
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145 6. Effect of pre-treatment Citr
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147 6. Effect of pre-treatment trea
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149 6. Effect of pre-treatment inte
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CHAPTER 7. 151 7. Involvement of en
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7.2.2. pH measurement 153 7. Involv
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155 7. Involvement of enzymes glyce
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157 7. Involvement of enzymes Table
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159 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
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161 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
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163 7. Involvement of enzymes Perox
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CHAPTER 8. 165 8. Study under contr
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Kilner jar (with metal lever catch
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Figure 8-2: Storage system for wate
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8.2.4 Carotenoid analyses 171 8. St
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8.3 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 8.3.1 Samp
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175 8. Study under controlled condi
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k (day-1) k (day-1) 0.10 0.08 0.06
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CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND F
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197 9. Discussion carotene loss aft
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199 9. Discussion total carotenoids
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9.4.2 Varietal influence 201 9. Dis
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203 9. Discussion 2008). The side e
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205 9. Discussion Absence of cis-is
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207 9. Discussion (Chapter 7). Howe
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209 9. Discussion of these cultivar
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References 211 References Aguayo, V
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213 References Bechoff, A., Dhuique
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215 References Chen, H.E., Peng, H.
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DIAS (2006) Semi-Annual and Annual
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219 References Tropical Agriculture
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221 References has a positive effec
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223 References Kamiya N. and Nagamu
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Lee, S.B. and Kim, K.J. (1995) Effe
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227 References Mills, R.C. and Hart
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Nestel, P., Bouis, H.E., Meenakshi,
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231 References Preston, C.M. and Ba
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Simon, P.W. (1997) Plant pigments f
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235 References Tran, T.H., Nguyen,
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237 References Walter, W.M., Purcel
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A
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Arrhenius model: = ∞ − Ea RT ek
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242 Appendix 1 B/Calculation of Arr
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Temperature is integrated for each
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2) Integration of temperature in Ug
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Appendix 2b: Dryers cost in Lualua,
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250 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
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252 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
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Open air flat and sloped dryers 254
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Appendix 3: Total carotenoids metho
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4. Partition - Pour 40 ml of Petrol
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