Investigating carotenoid loss after drying and storage of

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B/Dimensions of dryers 253 Appendix 2 Technical information sheet Tunnel dryer The tunnel dryer was 9 m long: 3.5 m of collector (iron sheet absorber) and 5.5 m of dryer. outlet Side view The width was 1.6 m. There was a 6º angle of drying table. The inlet surface is the same as the outlet surface: 0.23 x 1.60 x 1.5 = 0.552m 2 1.60 0.23 0.23 1.43 Facial view of outlet 9.0 1.60 0.23 0.23 0.12 0.10 Facial view of inlet inlet
Open air flat and sloped dryers 254 Appendix 2 Technical information sheet Open air dryers were 6 m long and 1.5 m wide. The sloped dryer had the same angle as the tunnel dryer 6º. Shade dryer The shade dryer was similar to the flat open dryer mounted of a roof. The roof was slightly staggered to the table (about 0.6 m on four sides) to protect better against incident sun rays. The height of the roof from the drying table was 1.0 m and the main angle was very wide (143°by calculation) so that persons could stand without bending. The angle on the ends was calculated as 51°. 0.6 6.00 143° 1.0 Facial view 51° 0.6 6.00 1.50 Side view 0.45 0.90 1.50
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Investigating carotenoid loss after
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DECLARATION I certify that this wor
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am deeply gratef
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CONTENTS CHAPTER 1.! LITERATURE REV
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4.3.2! Effect of trial and sweet po
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1.1 BACKGROUND 1.1.1 Introduction C
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3 1. Literature review It is estima
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5 1. Literature review food corresp
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- the leaves that make energy and s
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9 1. Literature review Uganda and M
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11 1. Literature review communicati
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13 1. Literature review soya grains
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15 1. Literature review Drying is a
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17 1. Literature review Modelling o
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19 1. Literature review Other types
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21 1. Literature review The perform
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23 1. Literature review degradation
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25 1. Literature review carotene an
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27 1. Literature review (Rees, NRI,
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29 1. Literature review red (>800 n
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31 1. Literature review Figure 1-17
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33 1. Literature review induced by
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35 1. Literature review Enzymatic c
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37 1. Literature review Volatile pr
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39 1. Literature review Carotenoid
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Table 1-5: Effect of type of proces
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Comparison of losses in drying proc
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45 1. Literature review observed we
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47 1. Literature review Different p
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Oxygen 49 1. Literature review Oxyg
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51 1. Literature review the storage
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2.2.2 Root samples 53 2. Assessment
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2.2.5 Water activity 55 2. Assessme
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57 2. Assessment of Methods below t
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59 2. Assessment of Methods !-carot
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61 2. Assessment of Methods indicat
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63 2. Assessment of Methods were we
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65 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
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67 2. Assessment of Methods Intra-l
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69 2. Assessment of Methods Signifi
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71 2. Assessment of Methods Table 2
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Content (µg/g) Content (µg/g) Con
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75 2. Assessment of Methods way-ANO
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77 2. Assessment of Methods puree.
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Percentage loss "a" redness 45% 40%
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CHAPTER 3. 81 3. Preliminary study
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83 3. Preliminary study Figure 3-1:
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85 3. Preliminary study Air velocit
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3.2.10 Statistical analyses 87 3. P
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89 3. Preliminary study because it
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Sample area (cm2) 91 3. Preliminary
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Figure 3-9: UV-Visible spectrum of
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95 3. Preliminary study Mulokozi an
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97 3. Preliminary study One hundred
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99 4. Ugandan field study respectiv
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Transmittance (%) 101 4. Ugandan fi
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4.2.5 Total carotenoids extraction
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105 4. Ugandan field study The dryi
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107 4. Ugandan field study individu
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109 4. Ugandan field study values a
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111 4. Ugandan field study caroteno
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113 4. Ugandan field study observed
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115 4. Ugandan field study OFSP chi
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117 5. Mozambican field study carot
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119 5. Mozambican field study kg (p
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121 5. Mozambican field study Table
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Tot. carotenoid content (!g/g) Tot.
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127 5. Mozambican field study 5.3.6
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a b c c 129 5. Mozambican field stu
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131 5. Mozambican field study Table
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133 5. Mozambican field study #-car
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CHAPTER 6. 137 6. Effect of pre-tre
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139 6. Effect of pre-treatment out
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141 6. Effect of pre-treatment afte
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143 6. Effect of pre-treatment leve
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145 6. Effect of pre-treatment Citr
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147 6. Effect of pre-treatment trea
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149 6. Effect of pre-treatment inte
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CHAPTER 7. 151 7. Involvement of en
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7.2.2. pH measurement 153 7. Involv
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155 7. Involvement of enzymes glyce
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157 7. Involvement of enzymes Table
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159 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
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161 7. Involvement of enzymes carot
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163 7. Involvement of enzymes Perox
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CHAPTER 8. 165 8. Study under contr
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Kilner jar (with metal lever catch
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Figure 8-2: Storage system for wate
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8.2.4 Carotenoid analyses 171 8. St
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8.3 RESULTS & DISCUSSION 8.3.1 Samp
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175 8. Study under controlled condi
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k (day-1) k (day-1) 0.10 0.08 0.06
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CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND F
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197 9. Discussion carotene loss aft
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199 9. Discussion total carotenoids
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9.4.2 Varietal influence 201 9. Dis
Page 213 and 214: 203 9. Discussion 2008). The side e
Page 215 and 216: 205 9. Discussion Absence of cis-is
Page 217 and 218: 207 9. Discussion (Chapter 7). Howe
Page 219 and 220: 209 9. Discussion of these cultivar
Page 221 and 222: References 211 References Aguayo, V
Page 223 and 224: 213 References Bechoff, A., Dhuique
Page 225 and 226: 215 References Chen, H.E., Peng, H.
Page 227 and 228: DIAS (2006) Semi-Annual and Annual
Page 229 and 230: 219 References Tropical Agriculture
Page 231 and 232: 221 References has a positive effec
Page 233 and 234: 223 References Kamiya N. and Nagamu
Page 235 and 236: Lee, S.B. and Kim, K.J. (1995) Effe
Page 237 and 238: 227 References Mills, R.C. and Hart
Page 239 and 240: Nestel, P., Bouis, H.E., Meenakshi,
Page 241 and 242: 231 References Preston, C.M. and Ba
Page 243 and 244: Simon, P.W. (1997) Plant pigments f
Page 245 and 246: 235 References Tran, T.H., Nguyen,
Page 247 and 248: 237 References Walter, W.M., Purcel
Page 249 and 250: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A
Page 251 and 252: Arrhenius model: = ∞ − Ea RT ek
Page 253 and 254: 242 Appendix 1 B/Calculation of Arr
Page 255 and 256: Temperature is integrated for each
Page 257 and 258: 2) Integration of temperature in Ug
Page 259 and 260: Appendix 2b: Dryers cost in Lualua,
Page 261 and 262: 250 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
Page 263: 252 Appendix 2 Technical informatio
Page 267 and 268: Appendix 3: Total carotenoids metho
Page 269 and 270: 4. Partition - Pour 40 ml of Petrol
Page 271 and 272: Publications: Publications, award a
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