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FM/UOJ Experiment C1 ELECTROCARDIOGRAM Electrical activities in excitable tissues results in fluctuation in the charges between different parts of the tissues. These charges cause feeble electrical fields in the body. When many cells generate electrical fields at the same time in an organized manner, electrodes placed on the surface of the body will be to pick up the net changes in the electrical field. These changes when amplified and fed to appropriate recorder, a meaningful picture is obtained. In this way activities of the skeletal muscles could be recorded as electromyogram and that of the heart as electrocardiogram activities in the nerves produce feeble electrical fields and very sensitive instrument are needed to record their activities. The electrodes for recording electrocardiogram are of two types. One set is fitted to the limbs which connect the trunk to the machine at the points of Eintovan’s triangle. These electrodes record the changes in the electrical field in the sagittal plane and help to provide zero potential for the unipolar leads. The other is a chest electrode, which can be moved along the chest and helps to record the changes in the cross sectional plane. Instrument: Electrocardiograph Demonstration: Fitting the electrodes The subject lies comfortably in a bed. The subject is instructed to lie still and to make no muscular movements. The limb electrodes are wetted by saline for better contact with skin and secured in place by a rubber strap at the fore arms and legs above muscle belly. If the skin is hairy the place may have to be shaved to ensure god contact. The chest electrode is secured to the appropriate place by creating vacuum around the electrode. When all leads are connected to the electrocardiograph according to the color code, the necessary connections can be obtained by positioning the appropriate knob. Recording The standard setting of the electrocardiograph is to give 10 mm deflection for 1 mV and the paper movement of 25 mm per second. The machine is switched on and about five beats are recorded with the knob at lead I. Then the knob is turned to lead II. Lead III, aVR, ave & aVL. The knob is then turned to V which stands for chest leads, and the chest electrode is placed at the appropriate places on the chest to record V1 to V6 the tracing is removed and the leads are disconnected. The biopack system is used to demonstration Circulation Page | 83
FM/UOJ Observation: Stick the ECG tracing Exercise: a. Study the tracing obtained for the following: 1. Heart rate …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Rhythm: …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Pattern of P wave, QRS complex, and T wave. …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. PR interval …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… b. Correlate the events in cardiac excitation to the waves in ECG ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ c. Outline the use of ECG in clinical practice. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Circulation Page | 84
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MANUAL FOR PHYSIOLOGY PRACTICAL 201
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Experiment R3 .....................
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This manual has been developed by t
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FM/UOJ Introduction Page | 2
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FM/UOJ AIMS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY PRACT
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FM/UOJ THE FORM OF RECORDING An acc
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FM/UOJ Measurement of the body surf
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FM/UOJ 05. Measurement of Body Mass
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FM/UOJ Name [males] Height (cm) Wei
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FM/UOJ Experiment 2 OSMOTIC FRAGILI
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FM/UOJ Introductory Page | 16
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FM/UOJ Blood Page | 18
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FM/UOJ Venipuncture Venous blood ca
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FM/UOJ d) Describe the use of ESR i
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FM/UOJ Explain why the red and whit
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FM/UOJ Discussion: a. Describe the
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FM/UOJ Method: Take some diluting f
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FM/UOJ Explain the possible errors
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Page 39 and 40: FM/UOJ Experiment 6a MEASUREMENT OF
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Page 43 and 44: FM/UOJ Name[Males] RBC PCV MCH MCHC
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Page 47 and 48: FM/UOJ Make a finger puncture and f
Page 49 and 50: FM/UOJ Experiment 8 IDENTIFICATION
Page 51 and 52: FM/UOJ Keep the cells under focus (
Page 53 and 54: FM/UOJ Precautions: ……………
Page 55 and 56: FM/UOJ Experiment 9 BLOOD GROUPING
Page 57 and 58: FM/UOJ Discussion: Explain the need
Page 59 and 60: FM/UOJ Respiration Page | 54
Page 61 and 62: FM/UOJ The reading can be taken up
Page 63 and 64: FM/UOJ Observations Stick the photo
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Page 67 and 68: FM/UOJ [Demonstration by Biopack sy
Page 69 and 70: FM/UOJ Name (female) Predicted TLC
Page 71 and 72: FM/UOJ Experiment R3 CHEMICAL CONTR
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Page 75 and 76: FM/UOJ Changes in breath holding ti
Page 77 and 78: FM/UOJ Observation Subject during e
Page 79 and 80: FM/UOJ Experiment R5 LUNG FUNCTION
Page 81 and 82: FM/UOJ Several added sounds can be
Page 83 and 84: FM/UOJ Exercise Explain their signi
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Page 87: FM/UOJ bellows to expand and collap
Page 91 and 92: FM/UOJ diastolic pressures, the art
Page 93 and 94: FM/UOJ Experiment C 3 EFFECTS OF PO
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Page 99 and 100: FM/UOJ Individual observations: Pro
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Page 103 and 104: FM/UOJ The mass of the tissue in th
Page 105 and 106: FM/UOJ Experiment C 6 EFFECTS OF EX
Page 107 and 108: FM/UOJ Name (Female) After Exercise
Page 109 and 110: FM/UOJ Experiment C 7 EXAMINATION O
Page 111 and 112: FM/UOJ Explain the need for feeling
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Page 119 and 120: FM/UOJ Group A: Control - 1 They fo
Page 121 and 122: FM/UOJ Group Name Sex Urine F G Mal
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Page 125 and 126: FM/UOJ Metabolism & Temperature Pag
Page 127 and 128: FM/UOJ Observation Stick photocopy
Page 129 and 130: FM/UOJ a. Explain the defect in the
Page 131 and 132: FM/UOJ Observation Name (male) Oral
Page 133 and 134: FM/UOJ Calculation Calculate the me
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Page 137 and 138: FM/UOJ EXPERIMENT R1 DETERMINATION
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FM/UOJ Precautions: ……………
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FM/UOJ Neurology Page | 136
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FM/UOJ Pain sense Superficial pain
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FM/UOJ Reflexes Reflexes have senso
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FM/UOJ 2.4. Triceps jerk: Flex the
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FM/UOJ Experiment N2 EXAMINATION OF
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FM/UOJ Experiment 2.3 Measuring the
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FM/UOJ Test for near vision: Jaeger
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FM/UOJ Light reflex: Ask the subjec
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FM/UOJ Audiometry Audiometer is an
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FM/UOJ Neurology Page | 154
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