Lunenburg Part 2 - Section 5 - Social Vulnerability - August 30.pdf

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Income is predominant amongst the social determinants of health in Canada, due to its influence on living conditions, psychological functioning, and health-related behaviours. 49 Perhaps most importantly in relation to natural hazards, low income predisposes people to material and social deprivation, limiting their ability to obtain potentially life-saving necessities such as food, clothing and housing. 50 Additionally, Canadians with low income have diminished access to health services: the bottom third of Canadian income earners are 40% more likely experience long wait times, and 50% less likely to see a specialist when needed. They may also be unable to pay for uninsured services such as prescription medication or home care. 51 Low income is a significant factor in Canada, which has an increasing rate of poverty that is already one of the highest amongst wealthy developed nations. 52 It is noteworthy that Census data regarding low income includes only those persons living in private households. Statistics Canada collects only very basic information (such as name, gender and age) from the residents of collective dwellings such as health care facilities, group homes, shelters and temporary accommodations. 53 It is unfortunate for the purpose of this project that the income of residents of collective dwellings is not available, as many of these people are likely to have low income. Some residents of collective dwellings may experience high social vulnerability: institutionalized persons may be marginalized, very young or very elderly, or suffer from disabling health problems; and temporary residents may have limited social resources or familiarity with local weather patterns or emergency procedures. It could be helpful for an index of social vulnerability to consider the proportion of the population in such circumstances. However, the Statistics Canada category of collective dwellings also includes residences such as work camps and military bases, whose residents are less likely to experience social vulnerability. Therefore, the proportion of the population that resides in collective dwellings is not usable as an indicator of social vulnerability. Unemployment Census Canada Statistic: Unemployment Rate. Statistics Canada Definition: “Refers to the unemployed expressed as a percentage of the labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (May 16, 2006).” Unemployment rate = (unemployed / labour force) X 100. 54 Unemployment may be considered in social vulnerability assessments because of the obvious link between employment and income; a secure job may provide the financial resources necessary to invest in adaptive strategies, or withstand a period when income generation is disturbed. 55 Conversely, unemployment may lead to material deprivation and poverty. 56 However, employment and unemployment have further implications. Regardless of income, employment provides a social network, which is recognized as an important factor in withstanding and recovering from a natural hazard, principally because social networks facilitate 49 Public Health Agency of Canada, 2003. p. 12. 50 Mikkonen and Raphael, 2010. p. 12. 51 Ibid., p. 38. 52 Ibid., p. 12, 30. 53 Statistics Canada, 2009a. 54 Statistics Canada, 2009f 55 Wall and Marzall, 2006. p. 385. 56 Mikkonen and Raphael, 2010. p. 17. 14
communication and collective action. 57 People in a social network may provide each other with assistance, share resources, or even simply check on each other’s whereabouts and wellbeing. Employment also provides psychological benefits: a sense of identity, and a structure for day-today life. Lack of employment is associated with physical and mental health problems, as well as reliance on unhealthy coping behaviours. 58 Insecure employment is also damaging: researchers have noted negative effects on personal relationships, parenting effectiveness, and children’s behavior. 59 These adverse effects are not limited to individuals and their families, but rather impact communities as a whole. 60 Many Canadians experience unemployment and job insecurity: only half of working aged Canadians have had a single full-time job for over six months; and the country ranks 26 th of 28 wealthy developed nations in an evaluation of rules and regulations that protect employment and provide benefits to temporary workers. 61 Government Transfer Payments Census Canada Statistic: Composition of Income - % Government Transfer Payments Statistics Canada Definitions: “The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate total income of that group or area.” 62 Government transfer payments “refers to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during 2005 … This variable is derived by summing the amounts reported in: the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor; benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan; benefits from Employment Insurance; Child benefits; and other income from government sources.” 63 Indices of social vulnerability may include a measure of dependence on the social safety net. People who rely on public assistance for survival are likely to be both economically and socially marginalized, and require additional support following a natural hazard. 64 Reliance on government income limits people’s ability to rebuild or obtain alternate shelter following an event, as well as their access to health care resources. 65 In comparison to other wealthy developed nations, Canada performs poorly in terms of protections and supports provided by the government, such as family allowances, childcare, unemployment insurance, health and social services, social assistance and disability benefits, home care, and retirement provisions. In this area, Canada is ranked 24 th of 30 wealthy developed nations. 66 Concerns in Canada include financial benefits too low to pay for adequate lodging, food and heating; insufficient services such as counseling and training; and highly restrictive eligibility requirements. 67 For example, only 40% of Canadians are eligible to receive 57 Dwyer et al., 2004. p. 23; Wall and Marzall, 2006. p. 381; Tapsell et al., 2010. p. 33. 58 Mikkonen and Raphael, 2010. p. 17. 59 Ibid. 60 Public Health Agency of Canada, 2003 61 Mikkonen and Raphael, 2010. p. 17. 62 Statistics Canada, 2009c. 63 Statistics Canada, 2009d. 64 Cutter et al., 2003. p. 249. 65 Andrey and Jones, 2008. p. 152. 66 Mikkonen and Raphael, 2010. p. 35. 67 Ibid., p. 36. 15
Page 1 and 2: Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutio
Page 3 and 4: And, thank you to the many resident
Page 5 and 6: The District’s extensive and irre
Page 7 and 8: OAKLAND 61 PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION FE
Page 9 and 10: Introduction Social vulnerability r
Page 11 and 12: and over time. This creates a justi
Page 13 and 14: also emphasize the need for detaile
Page 15 and 16: Data Interpretation: Analysis For e
Page 17 and 18: maps of equal or superior quality t
Page 19 and 20: person’s employment improves and
Page 21: as providing valid information. She
Page 25 and 26: alone are particularly vulnerable i
Page 27 and 28: marginalization, limiting their acc
Page 29 and 30: disability in the event of a natura
Page 31 and 32: The prevalence of low income is a p
Page 33 and 34: Field Observations Travelling throu
Page 35 and 36: Average results for Nova Scotia are
Page 37 and 38: Next, the results from Table 3 are
Page 39 and 40: Figure 4. Social Vulnerability in t
Page 41 and 42: Seniors are more likely than other
Page 43 and 44: Figure 5. Storm Surge Scenarios in
Page 45 and 46: The Petite Riviere Bridge Several b
Page 47 and 48: This may reflect the Very High prop
Page 49 and 50: Table 7. Areas Requiring Attention
Page 51 and 52: Table 9. Areas Requiring Attention
Page 53 and 54: The area’s relatively high popula
Page 55 and 56: A High proportion of residents are
Page 57 and 58: An Average level of residents are s
Page 59 and 60: pharmacies, for medical services. I
Page 61 and 62: Figure 7: Storm Surge Scenarios wit
Page 63 and 64: The Plan also addresses the need fo
Page 65 and 66: A related ICSP strategic goal is to
Page 67 and 68: While the Economic Development Stra
Page 69 and 70: Oakland The Oakland Secondary Plann
Page 71 and 72: to maintain existing conditions and
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patterns and potential dangers (“
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new residents, seasonal residents,
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vulnerabilities for individuals wit
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Two coastal dissemination areas hav
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about this program and use their kn
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Groome, P. (2010). Census Changes H
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Appendix A: Annotated Bibliography
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and analyzed using a Decision Tree
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Dolan, A.H., and I.J. Walker. “Un
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in health care or mitigating socioe
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Appendix B: Table of Indicators and
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No Secondary Education Adger et al.
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Appendix C: Maps of Profile by Indi
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Government Transfer Payments This s
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Children The District has a Below A
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Seniors Living Alone The District h
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No Secondary Education Social vulne
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dissemination areas where no reside
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Visible Minorities The District of
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Appendix D: Radar Diagrams for each
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105
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DA 82 DA 83 Aboriginal Identity Vis
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DA 123 DA 124 Aboriginal Identity V
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DA 160 DA 161 Aboriginal Identity V
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Mahone Bay Food Bank Hospital, Long
Page 123:
South Shore Big Brothers Big Sister
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Lunenburg Part 2 - Section 5 - Social Vulnerability - August 30.pdf

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