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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 156 librium, and others are not. Not everything in a living system is "alive." The energy flow that crosses it somewhat resembles the flow of a river that generally moves smoothly but that from time to time tumbles down a waterfall; which liberates part of the energy it contains. Let us consider another biological process that also has been studied from the point of view of stability: the aggregation of slime molds, the Acrasiales amoebas (Dictyostelium discoideum). This process9A is an interesting case on the borderline between unicellular and pluricellular biology. When The aggregation of cellular slime molds furnishes a particularly re markable example of a self-<strong>org</strong>anization phenomenon in a biological sYltem in which a chemical clock plays an essential role. See Figure A. fruiting ? body spores 0 00 I (Y:J growth Q) \ ((t'': kx \ , .. , I , - .. - - ' ;'; aggregation \
157 THE THREE STAGES OF THERMODYNAMICS In Dictyostelium discoideum, the aggregation proceeds in a periodic manner. Movies of aggregation process show the existence of concentric waves of amoebae moving toward the center with a periodicity of several minutes. The nature of the chemotactic factor is known: it is cyclic AMP (cAMP), a substance involved in numerous biochemical processes such as hormonal regulations. The aggregation centers release the signals of cAMP in a periodic fashion. The other cells respond by moving toward the centers and by relaying the signals to the periphery of the aggregation territory. The existence of a mechanism of relay of the chemotactic signals allows each center to control the aggregation of some 105 amoebae. The analysis of a model of the process of aggregation reveals the existence of two types of bifurcations. First the aggregation itself represents a breaking of spatial symmetry. The second bifurcation breaks the temporal symmetry. Initially the amoebae are homogeneously distributed. When some of them begin to secrete the chemotactic signals, there appear local fluctuations in the concentration of cAMP. For a critical value of some parameter of the system (diffusion coefficient of cAMp, motility of the amoebae, etc.), fluctuations are amplified: the homogeneous distribution becomes unstable and the amoebae evolve toward an inhomogeneous. distribution in space. This new distribution corresponds to the accumulation of amoebae around aggregation centers. To understand the origin of the periodicity in the aggregation of D. discoideum, it is necessary to study the mechanism of synthesis of the chemotactic signal. On the basis of experimental observations one can describe this mechanism by the scheme of Figure B. _----+:.-- cAM P Figure B ATP Y cAMP On the surface of the cell, receptors (R) bind the molecules of cAMP. The receptor faces the extracellular medium and is functionally linked to an enzyme, adenylate cyclase (C), which transforms intracellular ATP into cAMP. The cAMP thus synthesized is transported across the membrane into the extracellular medium, where it is degraded by phosphodiesterase, an enzyme that is secreted by the amoebae. The experiments show that binding of extracellular cAMP to the membrane receptor activates adenylate cyclase (positive feedback indicated by +). On the basis of this autocatalytic regulation, the analysiS of a model for
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I I I I
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS: MAN'S NEW DIALO
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This book is dedicated to the memor
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1. Heat, the Rival of Gravitation 1
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FOREWORD SCIENCE AND CHANGE by Alvi
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xiii FOREWORD: SCIENCE AND CHANGE m
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xv FOREWORD: SCIENCE AND CHANGE sma
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xvii FOREWORD: SCIENCE AND CHANGE t
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xix FOREWORD: SCIENCE AND CHANGE co
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xxi FOREWORD: SCIENCE AND CHANGE ce
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xxiii FOREWORD: SCIENCE AND CHANGE
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xxv FOREWORD: SCIENCE AND CHANGE ni
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PREFACE MAN'S NEW DIALOGUE WITH NAT
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xxfx MAN'S NEW DIALOGUE WITH NATURE
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xxxi MAN'S NEW DIALOGUE WITH NATURE
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 2 As Roger Haush
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 4 This is a para
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 6 "Neolithic rev
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 8 We have discov
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 10 This book dea
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 12 As early as a
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 14 In addition,
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 16 from the engi
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 18 defined in te
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 20 equilibrium p
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 22 One of the pr
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I I
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CHAPTER I THE TRIUMPH OF RE ASON Th
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29 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON then take
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31 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON downgraded
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33 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON is taken i
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36 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON jacket whi
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37 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON The Newton
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39 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON mythicaI f
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41 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON The Experi
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43 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON the theore
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45 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON tion of be
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47 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON mental sci
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49 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON Needham co
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51 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON everything
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53 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON But what c
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55 THE TRIUMPH OF REASON descriptio
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CHAPTER II THE IDENTIFICATION OFTHE
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59 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL m
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61 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL r
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63 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL l
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65 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL T
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67 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL d
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69 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL v
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71 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL d
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73 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL e
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75 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL L
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77 THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE REAL i
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CHAPTER Ill THE TWO CULTURES Didero
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81 THE TWO CULTURES unity, of that
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83 THE TWO CULTURES simply the sum
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85 THE TWO CULTURES formed Europe t
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87 THE TWO CULTURES these objects i
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89 THE TWO CULTURES Kant's critical
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91 THE TWO CULTURES took his search
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93 THE TWO CULTURES ence at its apo
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95 THE TWO CULTURES from that of st
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97 THE TWO CULTURES to formulate th
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99 THE TWO CULTURES silent that Kan
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BOOK TWO THE SCIENCE OF COMPLEXITY
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CHAPTER IV ENERGY AND THE INDUSTRIA
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Page 145 and 146: 111 ENERGY AND THE INDUSTRIAL AGE a
Page 147 and 148: .. ... 113 ENERGY AND THE INDUSTRIA
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Page 151 and 152: 117 ENERGY AND THE INDUSTRIAL AGE O
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Page 161 and 162: 127 ENERGY AND THE INDUSTRIAL AGE C
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Page 166 and 167: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 132 processes pr
Page 168 and 169: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 134 different "r
Page 170 and 171: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 136 -+ Y + B. We
Page 172 and 173: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 138 induces a pr
Page 174 and 175: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 140 any specific
Page 176 and 177: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 142 organization
Page 178 and 179: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 144 structures,
Page 180 and 181: ORDER OUT 0 CHAOS 146 Beyond the Th
Page 182 and 183: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 148 flashes of r
Page 184 and 185: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 150 Here we must
Page 186 and 187: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 152 were known t
Page 188 and 189: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 154 inhibitions
Page 192 and 193: ORDER OUT OF CH AOS 158 cAMP synthe
Page 194 and 195: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 160 Bifurcations
Page 196 and 197: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 162 they may rep
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Page 200 and 201: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 166 ues of light
Page 202 and 203: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS ' 168 TRACES OF
Page 204 and 205: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 170 tween or amo
Page 206 and 207: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 172 tions as mec
Page 208 and 209: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 174 commensurabl
Page 210 and 211: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 176 We are tempt
Page 212 and 213: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 178 Once again,
Page 214 and 215: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 180 particles in
Page 216 and 217: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 182 high density
Page 218 and 219: ORDER OUT OF CH AOS 184 diagram, to
Page 220 and 221: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 186 • > , , .
Page 222 and 223: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 188 (a) (b) Figu
Page 224 and 225: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 190 intrusion is
Page 226 and 227: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 192 Logistic Evo
Page 228 and 229: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 194 ploiting exi
Page 230 and 231: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 196 Figure 21 sh
Page 232 and 233: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 198 65 • 66
Page 234 and 235: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 200 62 • 65
Page 236 and 237: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 202 i7 • 71
Page 238 and 239: ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 204 tion, be it
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 206 the regimes
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 208 Everywhere w
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BOOK THREE FROM BEING TO BECOMING
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CHAPTER VII REDISCOVERING TIME A Ch
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215 REDISCOVERING TIME that, we are
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217 .REDISCOVERING TIME Thermodynam
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219 REDISCOVERING TIME beings compo
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22'1 REDISCOVERING TIME We therefor
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223 REDISCOVERING TIME pendent in t
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225 REDISCOVERING TIME periments wi
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227 REDISCOVERING TIME erations pla
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229 REDISCOVERING TIME ibility and
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231 REDISCOVERING TIME that, at the
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CHAPTER VIII THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES
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235 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES not in t
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237 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES Figure 2
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239 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES events c
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241 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES Maxwell
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243 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES tion of
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.. 245 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES with
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247 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES Dynarnic
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29 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES meeting t
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251 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES der, but
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253 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES standing
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255 THE CLASH OF DOCTRINES Arruw of
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 258 However conv
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 260 Irreversibil
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 262 y 0) a v b)
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265 IRREVERSIBILITY-THE ENTROPY BAR
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 266 To avoid the
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 268 We would lik
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 270 p Figure 37.
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 272 calculate th
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 274 We know only
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 276 pie physical
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 278 "twirl time.
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 280 tracting fib
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 282 particles en
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 284 Suppose we w
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 286 through the
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 288 procedure. E
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 290 the physics
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 292 the core of
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 294 Nearer to ou
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 296 Indeed, it i
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 298 on the level
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 300 ativity, qua
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 302 explicit ins
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 304 Denique si s
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 306 cal descript
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 306 The academic
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 310 chanics are
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ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 312 results and
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NOTES Introduction I. I. BERLIN, Ag
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317 NOTES 11. A. K oESTLER, The Roo
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319 NOTES on W. Scarr, The Conflict
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321 NOTES Chapter 3 1. R. NISBET, H
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323 NOTES 4. C. SMITH, "Natural Phi
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325 NOTES Physics, Collection of Le
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327 NOTES spectrum of collective be
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329 NOTES 3. J. FRASER, "The Princi
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331 NOTES "Maxwell's Demon" and P.
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333 NOTES 11. H. PoiNCARE, "Le Hasa
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INDEX Note: Page numbers given in b
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337 144-45; thermodynamic descripti
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339 Eigen, M., 190-91 Eigenfunction
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341 Galileo, 40, 41, 50, 51, 305; o
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343 INDEX Layzer, David, xxv Lebens
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345 Opticks (Newton), 28 Optimizati
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3
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34Q Whitehead, Alfred North, 10, 17
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