ORDER OUT OF CHAOS 342 Information, 17-18, 250, 278-79, 283, 295, 297-98 Initial conditions (or state), 61 , 68, 75, 121, 124, 128, 129, 139-40, 142, 147, 248, 261 -67, 270-7 1, 276, 278-79, 295, 310 Innovation, psychological process of, xxiv Innovative becoming, philosophy of, 94 Instability, dynamic, 73, 268-72, 276, 300; chemical, 144-53; thermodynamic, 141-42; threshold, 146, 147, 160 Insects, self-aggregation of, 181-86 Integrable systems, 71-72, 74, 264-65, 302 Internal time, 272-73, 289 Intrinsically irreversible systems, 275-77, 289 Intrinsically random systems, 274-76, 289 Intuition, 80, 91, 92 Irreversibility, xx, xxi, xxvii, xxviii, 7-9, 63, 115; acceptance by physics of, 208-9; and biology, 128, 175; in chemistry, 131, 137, 177; controversy over, 15-16; cultural context of incorporation into physics of, 309- 10; and dynamics of correlations, 280-85 ; Einstein on, 294-95; and ensemble theory, 250; in evolution, 128, 189; formulation of theory of, 105, 107, 117-2l; and limits of classical concepts, 261-64; and matter-light interaction, 219; measurement and, 228; microscopic theory of, 242, 257-59, 285-86, 288-90, 310; probability and, 16, 124, 125, 233-40; quantitative expression of, Ill; from randomness to, 272-77; rate of, 135; in reciprocity relations, 138; as source of order, 15, 292; subjective interpretation of, 25 1-52; as symmetry-breaking process, 260-6 1; in thermodynamics, 12; see also Arrow of time; Entropy Isomerization reaction, 165 Jammer, M., 329n Jordan, 220 Joule, James Prescott, 108-9 Kant, Immanuel, 79, 80, 85-89, 93, 99, 214 Kauffman, S. A., 172 Kepler, Johannes, 49, 57, 67, 307 Keynes, Lord, 319n Kierkegaard, Soren, 79 Kinetic energy, 69-7 1, 90, 107, 261 Kinetics, chemical , 132-34 Kirchoff, Gustav, % Knight, 321 n Koestler, Arthur, 32, 34-35 Kolmogoroff, 266 Kothari, D. S., 293 Koyre, Alexandre, 5, 32, 35-36, 62, 317n, 319n Kuhn, Thomas, 307-9, 320n, 329n Lagrange, Comte Joseph Louis, 52, %, 104, 324n Laminar flow, 141-42, 303 Laplace, Marquis Pierre Simon de, xiii, 28, 52, 54, 66, 67, 115, 323n; Fourier criticized by, 104 Laplace's demon, 75-77, 87, 27 1 Large numbers, law of, 14, 178, 180 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, 2&, 109
343 INDEX Layzer, David, xxv Lebenswe/t, 299 Leibniz, Gottfried von, 50, 54, 302, 303; formulae for velocity and acceleration, 58; monads of, 74 Lemaitre, Ge<strong>org</strong>es, 215 Lenoble, R., 3 Levi-Strauss, Claude, 205, 317n Levy-Bruhl, L., 292 Lewis, G. N., 233 Liebig, Baron Justus von, 109 Life: Bergson on, 92; compatibility with far-fromequilibrium conditions, 143; as expression of self<strong>org</strong>anization, 175-76; and order principle, 127-28; origin of, 14; Romantic concepts of, 85; Stahl's definition of, 84; symmetrybreaking as characteristic of, 163; temporal dimensions of, 208; see also Molecular biology Light: velocity of, 17, 55, 217-19, 278, 295, 296; waveparticle duality of, 219-20 Limit cycle, 146-47 Linear thermodynamics, 137-40 Liouville equation, 249, 250, 266 Logistic evolution, 192-96, 203-04 Look at the Harlequins (Nabokov), 277 Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 270 Loschmidt, 244, 246 Louis XIV, King of France, 52 Love, Milton, 195 Lucretius, 3, 141, 302-5, 315n, 334n Luther, Martin, xxii Lyapounov, 151 Mach. Ernst. 49. 53-54. 97. 318n Machines: Archimedes's, 41; ideal, 63, 69-70; mathematics and, 46; using heat, 103 Macroscopic system, 106-07 Many-worlds hypothesis, 228 Markov chains, 236, 238, 240, 242, 273-76; and dynamics of correlations, 283 ; and entropy barrier, 278 Marx, Karl, 252 Mass action, law of, 133, 136, 23 1 Materialistic naturalism, 83 Mathematization, 46; in Hamiltonian function, 71; Hegel's critique of, 90; Leibniz on, 50; of motion, 60 Matter: active, 9, 286-90, 302; anti-matter, 230-3 1; Diderot on, 82; effect of heat on, 105; in far-from-equilibrium conditions, 14; interaction of radiation and, 219; new view of, 9; nonequilibrium generated by, 181; perception of differences by, 163, 165; properties of, 2; Stahl on, 84-85; transition to life from, 84; wave-particle duality of, 221 Maxwell, James Clerk, 54, 73, 122, 160, 240, 24 1, 266 Maxwell's demon, 175, 239 Mayer, Julius Robert von, 109, Ill Measurement, irreversible character of, 228-29 Mechanics, II, 15; generalization of, Ill; Hegel on, 90; and probability, 125; see also Dynamics; Quantum mechanics Medicine: Bergson on, 91; Diderot on, 82, 83 Merleau-Ponty, M., 299 Metternich, Clemens We nzel Nepomuk Lothar, Fiirst von, xiii
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1. Heat, the Rival of Gravitation 1
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FOREWORD SCIENCE AND CHANGE by Alvi
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PREFACE MAN'S NEW DIALOGUE WITH NAT
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xxfx MAN'S NEW DIALOGUE WITH NATURE
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CHAPTER I THE TRIUMPH OF RE ASON Th
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CHAPTER Ill THE TWO CULTURES Didero
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CHAPTER IV ENERGY AND THE INDUSTRIA
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CHAPTER VII REDISCOVERING TIME A Ch
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215 REDISCOVERING TIME that, we are
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217 .REDISCOVERING TIME Thermodynam
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