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may also be used to include any preposition consisting of more than one word,
such as next to.
complex sentence In grammar, a term which in its most general application
describes a sentence consisting of more than one clause. In a somewhat narrower
sense, it refers to a sentence consisting of a main clause and at least one subordinate
clause, thus contrasting with such notions as compound sentence.
complex symbol A term used in some models of generative grammar (see
Aspects model) to refer to a symbol in a phrase-marker which has an internal
structure of its own. It consists of an unordered set of syntactic features,
e.g. [N], [+Abstract], [+Animate], and (in some accounts) the morpheme which
the set of features specify, e.g.
complex tone see tone (2)
component 95
G+N J
H+HumanK
H−Proper K
Iman L
component (n.) (1) A term used in generative linguistics to refer to the
main sections into which a generative grammar is organized. In Noam Chomsky’s
Syntactic Structures (1957), three components are recognized: the phrasestructure
component (which generates a set of underlying strings), the
transformational component (which acts on these strings in various
optional and obligatory ways, introducing semantic changes), and the
morphophonemic component (which converts each syntactic string into a string
of phonological units). In Chomsky’s Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (1965),
the model is radically altered. The phrase-structure component is replaced by a
base component, which generates the underlying phrase-markers representing
the deep structure of sentences, i.e. all semantically relevant grammatical
notions. The base component contains the categorial and lexical components
(or sub-components) of the grammar. Two things then happen to these
markers: (a) they are semantically interpreted, using the rules of the semantic
component (which has no equivalent in the Syntactic Structures model), and
(b) they are converted into surface structures through the transformational
component (which contains largely obligatory rules, the optional ones now
being handled by choices made in the base rules). Lastly, a phonological component
operates on the surface structures, providing them with a phonetic
interpretation. See Chomskyan.
(2) In semantics, the term refers to an irreducible feature in terms of which
the sense of lexical items can be analysed, e.g. girl can be analysed into the
components ‘human’, ‘female’, ‘child’, etc. Componential analysis is a semantic
theory which developed from a technique for the analysis of kinship vocabulary
devised by American anthropologists in the 1950s. It claims that all lexical items
can be analysed using a finite set of components (or ‘semantic features’), which
may, it is felt, be universal. Certainly, several sets of lexical items exist to show