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66 caregiver/caretaker speech
VOWELS
Close
Front
÷ y
Central
÷ Í
iy
ä
Back
„ u
Close-mid
e
ø
” o
v
¬
Open-mid
y
Î Ñ
Œ
Open
Ò
æ
a
Ω
w ∞
positions more accurately, e.g. a plus beneath the vowel means that the articulation
is more advanced than the cardinal value (as in [u +
]), a line beneath the
vowel means that the articulation is more retracted (as in [e −
]).
Several other suggestions have been made concerning the best way of dividing
up the vowel articulation area, but Daniel Jones’s system is still the most widely
used. Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded
vowel.
caregiver/caretaker speech
see motherese
Cartesian linguistics A term used by some linguists to refer to any linguistic
theories or methods which, it is claimed, illustrate the influence of the French
philosopher René Descartes (1596–1650) and the grammarians of Port Royal.
The discussion of universals in generative linguistics, in particular, draws
certain parallels with Cartesian views concerning the relationship between language
and thought. This interpretation of the history of linguistic thought has
remained controversial, since its initial statement by Noam Chomsky (see Language
and Mind (1968)). See also Chomskyan.
case (n.) (1) A grammatical category used in the analysis of word-classes
(or their associated phrases) to identify the syntactic relationship between
words in a sentence, through such contrasts as nominative, accusative, etc.
The traditional classification, such as is found in Latin grammar, is based
on variations in the morphological forms of the word (a set of such forms
constituting a paradigm, as in Latin puella, puellam, puellae, puella, the singular
case forms of ‘girl’ – respectively nominative/vocative, accusative, genitive/
dative and ablative). Each form is analysed in terms of a specific range of
meaning; e.g. nominative is primarily the case of the grammatical subject of the
sentence, genitive refers to such notions as possession, origin, and so on.
In languages which lack morphological variations of this kind, the term ‘case’,
as traditionally used, does not apply. In English, for example, the only case form
which is so marked is the genitive (as in boy’s or boys’); all other forms have
no ending, the remaining case ‘meanings’ being expressed using prepositions
(as in with a boy, to the boy) or word-order (as in the cat chases mouse/mouse
chases cat contrast). A great deal of space in introductions to linguistics has