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122 creativity
such as Oh I don’t know is pronounced at a very low pitch level. Creaky voice,
or simply creak, is also sometimes encountered as a phonological characteristic,
as in Hausa, where there is an opposition between creaky and non-creaky
plosives. Creaky sounds are also called ‘laryngealized’.
creativity (n.) An application in linguistics of the usual sense of this term to
refer to the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely
large number of sentences, most of which they will not have heard or
used before. Seen as a property of language, it refers to the ‘open-endedness’ or
productivity of patterns, whereby a finite set of sounds, structures, etc., can
be used to produce a potentially infinite number of sentences. In contrast with
studies of animal communication, linguistic creativity is considered to be a
species-specific property: the creation of new sentences is not a feature of animal
communication systems. The notion of creativity has a long history in the discussion
of language, but it has become a central feature of contemporary studies
since the emphasis placed upon it by Noam Chomsky (see Chomskyan). One of
the main aims of linguistic enquiry, it is felt, is to explain this creative ability,
for which such constructs as generative rules have been suggested. Care
must, however, be taken to avoid confusing this sense of ‘creative’ with that
found in artistic or literary contexts, where notions such as imagination and
originality are central.
creole (n.) A term used in sociolinguistics to refer to a pidgin language
which has become the mother-tongue of a speech community, as is the case
in Jamaica, Haiti, Dominica, and several other ex-colonial parts of the world.
The process of creolization expands the structural and stylistic range
of the pidginized language, so that the creolized language becomes comparable
in formal and functional complexity to other languages. A process of
decreolization takes place when the standard language begins to exert influence
on the creole, and a post-creole continuum emerges. However, this
process is not the reverse of creolization, and therefore some sociolinguists
have suggested alternative terms for this stage, such as metropolitanization.
When the development of a creole approaches that of the source language,
recreolization may occur, with speakers introducing creole features into the
standard variety (as has been observed, for example, in London Jamaican English).
See also creoloid.
creolization (n.), creolize (v.)
see creole
creoloid (n.) A term used in sociolinguistics for a variety of language
which displays linguistic resemblances to a creole (e.g. in simplification, or in
the mixing of features from different source languages) while lacking a history
of origin in a pidgin language. Creoloids may have a strong tradition of use by
native-speakers (as in the case of Afrikaans) or be used entirely by people who
have developed it as a second language (as with Singaporean English). The
process which leads to their formation is creoloidization.
criteria, singular criterion (n.) In linguistics and phonetics this term is used
with reference to the formal justification of an analysis or description – why