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S
S′ An abbreviation used in generative grammar for a clause introduced by
a subordinating conjunction or complementizer. In government-binding
theory, it is assumed that such clauses are headed by the complementizer,
and hence they are labelled CP (see cp).
SAAD An abbreviation sometimes used to refer to the kernel sentences generated
by a grammar – standing for simple–active–affirmative–declarative.
sandhi /csandip/ (adj./n.) A term used in syntax and morphology to refer to
the phonological modification of grammatical forms which have been
juxtaposed. The term comes from a Sanskrit word meaning ‘joining’. Sandhi
forms are forms which have undergone specific modifications in specific circumstances
(i.e. various sandhi rules have applied). assimilation and dissimilation
are two widespread tendencies which could be classified under this heading.
The merit of the sandhi notion is that it can be used as a very general term
within which can be placed a wide range of structural tendencies that otherwise
it would be difficult to interrelate. In languages where sandhi forms are complex,
a distinction is sometimes made between external sandhi (sandhi rules
which operate across word boundaries) and internal sandhi (rules which operate
within words). See also tone.
Sapir–Whorf hypothesis A theory of the relationship between language and
thought expounded in its most explicit form by the American anthropological
linguists Edward Sapir (1884–1939) and Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897–
1941). Also known as the theory of linguistic relativity, the hypothesis
states (in the words of Whorf) that ‘we dissect nature along lines laid down by
our native languages . . . by the linguistic systems in our minds.’ The differences
in world-view imposed by different languages have, however, proved extremely
difficult to elucidate or test experimentally, and the fact of successful bilingual
translation weakens the force of the theory’s claims; as a result, the Sapir–
Whorf hypothesis has made little impact on contemporary psycholinguistics,
though the 1990s saw a renewed interest from cognitive psycholinguists and
others.
A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 6th Edition. David Crystal
© 2008 David Crystal. ISBN: 978-1-405-15296-9