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R
radical (adj.), radix (n.) see root (2)
radical pro-drop
see pro-drop
radical underspecification
see underspecification
raising (n.) (1) A type of rule recognized in some models of transformational
grammar: in its broadest sense, any rule that moves a constituent
to a higher position. In a ‘raising-to-object’ (or object-raising rule, the linear
constituents in a string consisting of a main clause + complement clause
(e.g. he believes John to be honest) are bracketed so that the subject of the
complement clause appears to have been raised to become the object of the
higher clause (he believes it + John is honest becoming he believes John + to be
honest). In a subject-raising rule, an underlying subject complement clause has
the subject taken from it and ‘raised’ to be the subject of the main clause. For
example, in relating such sentences as it seems that the man is angry to the man
seems angry, one may begin with:
S
S
VP
The man is angry
seems
Subject-raising (in association with other transformational operations, omitted
here) places the man as subject of seems, producing (the man) (seems) (to be
angry). The formalization of such rules is controversial, as is the extent of
their application (they are both governed rules, applying to small classes of
verb only). In government-binding theory, classical TG subject-to-object
raising constructions are analysed in terms of exceptional case marking, and
A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics 6th Edition. David Crystal
© 2008 David Crystal. ISBN: 978-1-405-15296-9