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structural 457
description) – the empty or null string. A substring is any part of a string
which is itself a string. For example, the following sentence can be seen as a
string of elements: the+cat+sit+Past+on+the+mat. Within this, several substrings
could be recognized, e.g. the+cat, the+cat+sit+Past, etc.
strong (adj.) (1) See strength (1) (in relation to segments).
(2) See weight (in relation to syllables).
strong adequacy
see adequacy
strong form One of two possible pronunciations for a word, in the context
of connected speech, the other being weak. The strong form is that which is
the result of a word being stressed. For example, most of the grammatical
words of English occur in both forms, e.g. I want bacon and eggs v. I want
bacon – and eggs. The notion is also used for syntactically conditioned
alternatives, such as your book v. the book is yours.
strong generative capacity
strong generative power
see capacity
see power
strong verb In grammar, a term for a verb which changes its root vowel
when changing its tense, as in sing v. sang. The term contrasts with weak verb,
where the past tense is formed by adding an inflection, as in kick v. kicked.
The distinction is important in the Germanic languages.
structural (adj.) A term used in linguistics referring to any approach to the
analysis of language that pays explicit attention to the way in which linguistic
features can be described in terms of structures and systems (structural or
structuralist linguistics). In the general Saussurean sense, structuralist ideas
enter into every school of linguistics. Structuralism does, however, have a more
restricted definition, referring to the Bloomfieldian emphasis on the processes
of segmenting and classifying the physical features of utterance (i.e. on
what Noam Chomsky later called surface structures), with little reference to
the abstract underlying structures (Chomsky’s deep structures) of language
or their meaning. It is this emphasis which the Chomskyan approach to language
strongly attacked; for generative linguistics, accordingly, the term is
often pejorative.
The contribution of this notion in linguistics is apparent in the more general
concept of structuralism, especially as formulated in the work of the French
anthropologist, Claude Lévi-Strauss (b. 1908), and others. Here, any human
institution or behaviour (e.g. dancing, courtship, religion) is considered analysable
in terms of an underlying network of relationships, and the structures demonstrated
referrable to basic modes of thought. The crucial point is that the
elements which constitute a network have no validity apart from the relations
(of equivalence, contrast, etc.) which hold between them, and it is this network
of relations which constitutes the structures of the system.
Within linguistics, ‘structural’ will be found in several contexts in phonology,
grammar and semantics. Structural(ist) grammar, as a general term, is now a