url?sa=t&source=web&cd=4&ved=0CCAQFjAD&url=http://data.ulis.vnu.edu.vn/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1966/1/54_1405152974

390 pro-form
or pattern. A pattern is productive if it is repeatedly used in language to produce
further instances of the same type (e.g. the past-tense affix -ed in English is
productive, in that any new verb will be automatically assigned this past-tense
form). Non-productive (or unproductive) patterns lack any such potential; e.g.
the change from mouse to mice is not a productive plural formation – new
nouns would not adopt it, but would use instead the productive s-ending
pattern. Semi-productive forms are those where there is a limited or occasional
creativity, as when a prefix such as un- is sometimes, but not universally,
applied to words to form their opposites, e.g. happy ⇒ unhappy, but not sad ⇒
*unsad.
pro-form (n.) A term used in some models of grammatical description to
refer collectively to the items in a sentence which substitute for other items or
constructions. The central class of examples (from which the term is derived
by analogy) is pronouns, which substitute for noun phrases. Other pro-forms
replace adjective phrases (e.g. so in John is very tall and so is Mary), prepositional
phrases (e.g. then, there), verb phrases (e.g. do in I like films and John
does too), and even whole clauses or sentences (e.g. so as in I said so). Terminology
such as pro-verb, pro-nominal, pro-locative, pro-NP, etc., is therefore likely
to be encountered.
progressive (adj./n.) (prog) (1) A term used in the grammatical description of
verb forms, referring to a contrast of a temporal or durative kind, and thus
handled sometimes under the heading of tense and sometimes under aspect.
The usual contrast recognized is between ‘progressive’ or ‘continuous’ (e.g. I am
going) and non-progressive or ‘simple’ (e.g. I go). linguists prefer an aspectual
analysis here, because of the complex interaction of durational, completive and
temporal features of meaning involved; traditional grammars, however, merely
refer to ‘simple tense forms’, etc., and thus imply a meaning which is to some
degree an oversimplification.
(2) A term used in phonetics and phonology as part of the classification
of types of assimilation. In progressive assimilation one sound influences
the following sound, as when [s] becomes [à] following [dè], in such phrases as
Goodge Street. It is opposed to regressive and coalescent assimilations.
projection (n.) A term used in generative linguistics to characterize the
capability of a grammar to extend the analysis of any given set of sentences
so that it applies also to the potentially infinite number of sentences in the
language as a whole. The main means of doing this is the generative rule. In
some models of generative grammar, a more restricted sense is found: projection
rules are established as part of the semantic component, their function
being to assign a semantic interpretation to each string of formatives
generated by the syntactic component.
A central principle of government-binding theory is the projection principle,
which projects the properties of lexical entries on to the structure of the
sentence. It states that the sub-categorization requirements of lexical items
must be satisfied at all levels of representation. It eliminates the need for rules
combining lexical items with their complements, and requires a trace to be
left when a complement is removed. The extended projection principle requires