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384 prerequisites
prerequisites (n.) A term used in linguistics to refer to the concepts on which
an analysis at a specific linguistic level depends. Its main application is in the
context of phonological procedures, where the American structuralist
view of the 1940s – that phonological analysis should proceed solely on the basis
of phonetic criteria – came to be opposed by a view which stressed the importance
of ‘grammatical prerequisites’ – the presuppositions about the identity
of such notions as word and sentence which had to be made before techniques
such as the minimal pair test could be used.
prescriptive (adj.) A term used by linguists to characterize any approach
which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should
be used. Using such criteria as purity, logic, history or literary excellence,
prescriptivism aims to preserve imagined standards by insisting on norms of
usage and criticizing departures from these norms. Prescriptive grammars of
English include such recommendations as: I should be used after the verb be,
e.g. It is I; whom should be used as the relative pronoun in object function,
e.g. the man whom I saw; and so on. A distinction is sometimes made
between prescriptive and proscriptive rules, the latter being rules which forbid
rather than command. Linguistics has been generally critical of the prescriptivist
approach, emphasizing instead the importance of descriptively accurate studies
of usage, and of the need to take into account sociolinguistic variation
in explaining attitudes to language. More recently, there has been interest in
studying prescriptivism objectively, as a sociocultural phenomenon. The term
‘prescriptive’ is sometimes used in sociolinguistics (e.g. the prescriptions of a
sociolinguistically realistic language-planning programme), but on the whole the
term is pejorative in linguistic contexts.
present participle
see participle
present tense (pres, PRES) see historic present, tense (1)
prespecification (n.) In prosodic morphology, in the analysis of reduplications,
the name given to a special type of relation between an element on the
melodic tier and template position. Invariant prior linking of a melodic
element to a template position is said to supplant the rule-governed linking of
an element to the same position (i.e. the element has been prespecified). The
notion is not accepted in all accounts of melodic invariance.
pressure (adj.) One of the features of sound set up by Chomsky and Halle (see
Chomskyan) in their distinctive feature theory of phonology, under the
heading of supplementary movements, to handle variations in manner of
articulation. It refers to articulatory movements of the glottis or velum (see
velar) where the airflow is directed outwards, as in ejectives. See also stop.
presupposition (n.) The philosophical uses of this term will be found in semantic
discussion: a condition which must be satisfied if a particular state of affairs
is to obtain, or (in relation to language) what a speaker assumes in saying a
particular sentence, as opposed to what is actually asserted. It is also analysed
as a certain type of logical relationship between statements, contrasting with